Sal Khan: Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
薩爾曼·可汗: 教育不是為了分數
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
the two ideas that,
my observations at Khan Academy,
可漢學院的觀察。
or the key leverage points for learning.
或者說是學習的關鍵動機。
working with my cousins.
一起讀書的時候,就觀察到
with math at first,
數學很頭疼,
accumulated in their learning.
不斷積累還沒掌握的知識漏洞。
they got to an algebra class
shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
可能就跟不太上,
they didn't have the math gene.
沒有學習數學的天賦。
shaky on the algebra.
的基礎也不太好。
是在前些年的時候,
some of those videos on YouTube,
上傳這些視頻的時候,
who were not my cousins were watching.
不只有我的親戚。
were just simple thank-yous.
只是些簡單的謝謝。
you all spend on YouTube.
多少時間在YouTube上。
並不是「謝謝」。
got a little more intense,
that they had grown up not liking math.
他們之前是在不喜歡數學的環境下長大。
into more advanced math topics.
they couldn't engage with it.
以至於他們無法投入在課堂之中。
have the math gene.
and decided to engage.
並決定要好好念書了,
這樣的資源,
and master those concepts,
學習漏洞並掌握概念,
that it wasn't fixed;
糾正了他們的定式思維;
of learning mathematics.
也有能力可以學好數學的。
you would master a lot of things in life.
你要如何掌握你人生事物的方法。
learn a martial art.
practice the white belt skills
a musical instrument:
over and over again,
academic model is structured,
that most of us grew up in.
所使用的學習方式。
usually by age,
同年齡的學生聚集在一起,
把學生分組,
together at the same pace.
引領他們。
pre-algebra class,
初級代數課堂中,
a lecture on exponents,
做了一些相關的習題。
we'll review the homework,
我們會批改這些作業。
lecture, homework.
上課、做作業。
two or three weeks,
我也許只會75%的題目,
gaps in our knowledge,
判斷我們知識的漏洞,
the five percent they didn't know?
仍有5%不懂的內容。
move on to the next subject,
進入下一個主題,
that's going to build on those gaps.
但卻建立在我們知識漏洞之上。
or negative exponents.
或者是負指數函數。
and you immediately start to realize
然後你會突然間發現,
of the more foundational thing,
的基礎知識不懂,
to the more advanced thing.
更加深奧的東西。
all the way until at some point,
直到某一刻,
or trigonometry class
是三角函數課堂上
is fundamentally difficult
and they're dealing with exponents
指數的等式時,
that I didn't know is showing up.
in our life that way.
來處理人生中其它事情的時後,
two weeks to build a foundation.
the inspector comes, looks around,
房屋檢查員來了,他看了一下,
is still wet right over there,
Let's build the first floor."
我們開始建第一層吧!”
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
然後房屋檢查員來了,給了個75分。
while you're building the third floor,
you typically have in education,
受教育時的回應一樣,
we had a bad contractor,
遇到了爛承包商,
or more frequent inspection.
was the process.
how long we had to something,
去限制完成某事的時間,
and identifying those gaps,
is to do the exact opposite.
就是去做完全相反的事。
constraining, fixing
that variable outcome,
只有「何時」以及「多久」
to work on something,
they actually master the material.
學生真的掌握了該門知識。
learn their exponents better,
更好地掌握指數函數,
the right mindset muscles.
正確的思維方式。
20 percent wrong on something,
如果他們答錯了20%,
a C branded in your DNA somehow.
keep working on it.
在這個內容上繼續努力、
you should have perseverance;
well, hey, this is all great,
這些聽起來都很棒,
of mastery-based learning
這套以掌握為目的教學方式
over their learning.
來克服學習障礙。
but it seems impractical.
但不太實際。
would be on their own track.
每個學生都必須有自己的學習進度,
and worksheets for every student.
和私人定制的練習題。
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
溫內特卡市就有這樣的實驗:
and saw great results,
也取得了不錯的結果,
because it was logistically difficult.
畢竟這在邏輯上就難以實現。
worksheets to every student,
不實際的問題了。
at their own time and pace?
和步調看錄影的講解,
可以符合學生的要求。
readily available for students.
學生都可以自行測驗。
all sorts of neat things happen.
各種好事就會接踵而至。
master the concepts,
their growth mindset,
can start to happen
on the lecture,
over the material.
去掌握知識。
Socratic dialogue.
of a thought experiment.
小型的思維實驗。
into the past to Western Europe,
literate parts of the planet,
最文明的地方,
of the population knew how to read.
大概有15%的人識字,
who did know how to read,
一個識字的人,
do you think is even capable of reading?"
有識字的能力呢?」
with a great education system,
「嗯,在這個強大的教育體系下,
would have been wildly pessimistic,
那樣的預測實在太悲觀了,
of the population is capable of reading.
a similar question:
do you think is capable
to cancer research?"
為癌症研究作出貢獻的?」
with a great education system,
「就目前的強大教育體系下
in a non-mastery framework,
掌握觀念的個人經驗,
or observing your peers,
或僅是對周圍人的觀察而已呢?
at this set pace through classes,
you get to an advanced class,
直到進入進階課程,
not meant to be a mathematician."
in a mastery framework,
take agency over your learning,
as a moment of learning --
並坦然接受,
that could really master calculus
的意義而已,
the industrial age
我們正處於一個工業時代,
this information revolution.
資訊革命的時代。
things are happening.
一些變化正在發生。
society was a pyramid.
社會是一個金字塔。
you needed human labor.
you had an information processing,
you had your owners of capital
就會是那些資本家、
automation, is going to take over.
自動化將取代人力。
information processing,
我們有一個問題:
because of this technology,
of the pyramid, in which case,
這種情況下,
that's more aspirational?
更加遠大的事業呢?
to invert the pyramid,
嘗試去翻轉金字塔?
can participate as an entrepreneur,
is all based on the idea
tap into their potential
over their learning,
達到理想境界。
as just a citizen of the world,
那樣理想世界中的一員,
the type of equity we can we have,
我們能做到、能擁有的那種平等,
could even progress.
a pretty exciting time to be alive.
將令人無比激動。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneurIn 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.
Why you should listen
Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.
Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.
Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.
Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com