Sal Khan: Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
Salman Khan: Vamos ensinar para aprender — e não para boas notas
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
the two ideas that,
de duas ideias que,
my observations at Khan Academy,
experiência na Khan Academy,
or the key leverage points for learning.
ou os pontos vitais para aprender.
working with my cousins.
do meu trabalho com os meus primos.
with math at first,
na matemática,
accumulated in their learning.
durante a aprendizagem.
they got to an algebra class
tinham uma aula de álgebra
shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
nalguns conceitos da pré-álgebra.
they didn't have the math gene.
que não tinham o gene da matemática.
shaky on the algebra.
some of those videos on YouTube,
dos vídeos no YouTube,
who were not my cousins were watching.
os meus primos também os viam.
were just simple thank-yous.
eram apenas simples agradecimentos.
you all spend on YouTube.
passam no YouTube.
não são "Obrigado".
got a little more intense,
começaram a ser mais intensos,
that they had grown up not liking math.
tinham crescido sem gostar de matemática.
into more advanced math topics.
à medida que avançavam na matéria.
they couldn't engage with it.
que não conseguiam perceber nada.
have the math gene.
o gene da matemática.
and decided to engage.
como a Khan Academy,
and master those concepts,
e dominar os conceitos básicos.
that it wasn't fixed;
de que afinal não era bem assim,
of learning mathematics.
de aprender matemática.
you would master a lot of things in life.
de conseguir muitas coisas na vida.
learn a martial art.
practice the white belt skills
o nível cinto branco
a musical instrument:
a tocar um instrumento:
over and over again,
vezes sem conta,
tocá-las corretamente,
é que não é assim
academic model is structured,
o modelo académico tradicional,
that most of us grew up in.
a maior parte de nós crescemos.
usually by age,
normalmente por idade,
together at the same pace.
todos ao mesmo ritmo.
pre-algebra class,
no secundário,
a lecture on exponents,
fazemos o trabalho de casa.
we'll review the homework,
o trabalho de casa,
lecture, homework.
aula, deveres.
two or three weeks,
gaps in our knowledge,
lacunas nos conhecimentos,
the five percent they didn't know?
os 5% de matéria que ele não sabe?
move on to the next subject,
para a matéria seguinte,
that's going to build on those gaps.
que vai aumentar essas lacunas.
or negative exponents.
ou potências negativas.
and you immediately start to realize
e começamos a perceber
of the more foundational thing,
to the more advanced thing.
para a matéria mais avançada.
all the way until at some point,
anos, até chegar a um ponto
de álgebra ou trigonometria
or trigonometry class
is fundamentally difficult
seja fundamentalmente difícil
and they're dealing with exponents
onde há potências
that I didn't know is showing up.
estão ali a aparecer.
in our life that way.
coisas desta maneira.
two weeks to build a foundation.
para construir as fundações.
the inspector comes, looks around,
o fiscal passa, olha e diz:
is still wet right over there,
Let's build the first floor."
Passemos ao primeiro andar."
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
o fiscal aparece, são 75%.
while you're building the third floor,
toda a estrutura cai.
habitual que há no secundário,
you typically have in education,
podemos dizer:
we had a bad contractor,
não fosse bom,
fiscalização ou mais frequente".
or more frequent inspection.
was the process.
how long we had to something,
o tempo de construção,
um resultado aleatório,
and identifying those gaps,
e identificar os problemas,
em cima dos problemas.
is to do the exact opposite.
é exatamente o oposto.
constraining, fixing
se trabalha nalguma coisa
that variable outcome,
o quando e quanto tempo
to work on something,
they actually master the material.
de dominar a matéria.
learn their exponents better,
aprenderá melhor as potências,
the right mindset muscles.
corretos para pensar.
20 percent wrong on something,
que, se tiverem 20% de erros,
a C branded in your DNA somehow.
marcado no seu ADN.
keep working on it.
de trabalhar mais essa matéria.
you should have perseverance;
Necessitam de perseverança.
well, hey, this is all great,
"Bem, isso é tudo ótimo.
of mastery-based learning
de domínio da aprendizagem
over their learning.
a sua aprendizagem,
but it seems impractical.
mas não parece prático.
would be on their own track.
tem de seguir um caminho diferente.
e planos de trabalho para cada estudante".
and worksheets for every student.
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
em Winnetka, Illinois, há 100 anos,
and saw great results,
se constataram grandes resultados,
because it was logistically difficult.
alargá-la por ser logisticamente difícil.
worksheets to every student,
diferentes para cada aluno,
at their own time and pace?
ao nosso próprio ritmo?
Precisam de retorno?
readily available for students.
disponíveis para estudantes.
all sorts of neat things happen.
acontecem coisas formidáveis.
master the concepts,
dominar os conceitos,
uma mentalidade melhor,
their growth mindset,
can start to happen
todo o tipo de coisas magníficas
on the lecture,
na lição do professor,
podem interagir entre si.
over the material.
Socratic dialogue.
diálogo socrático.
de que estamos a falar
of a thought experiment.
experiência mental.
into the past to Western Europe,
da Europa Ocidental
literate parts of the planet,
das zonas do planeta mais literárias,
of the population knew how to read.
15% da população sabia ler.
who did know how to read,
a alguém que sabia ler,
do you think is even capable of reading?"
que acha que será capaz de ler?"
with a great education system,
talvez 20% a 30%."
would have been wildly pessimistic,
era muito pessimista,
of the population is capable of reading.
a similar question:
uma pergunta semelhante:
do you think is capable
acham capazes
to cancer research?"
para a investigação do cancro?"
with a great education system,
talvez 20% ou 30%."
in a non-mastery framework,
fora da aprendizagem,
or observing your peers,
ou na observação dos vossos iguais,
numa cadência rápida, nas aulas,
at this set pace through classes,
quais foram os 5% que falhámos?
you get to an advanced class,
até chegarmos a uma classe avançada.
numa parede e dizemos:
a investigação do cancro.
not meant to be a mathematician."
nem matemático."
num ambiente de domínio,
in a mastery framework,
take agency over your learning,
a nossa aprendizagem,
as a moment of learning --
como um momento de aprendizagem,
that could really master calculus
que poderiam dominar o cálculo
the industrial age
chamar idade industrial
this information revolution.
revolução da informação.
things are happening.
coisas estão a acontecer.
society was a pyramid.
era uma pirâmide.
you needed human labor.
precisávamos da classe trabalhadora.
you had an information processing,
o processamento da informação,
you had your owners of capital
tínhamos os investidores
revolução da informação.
automation, is going to take over.
vai entrar a automação.
information processing,
o processamento da informação,
fazem melhor.
temos um problema:
because of this technology,
acontece graças a esta tecnologia,
of the pyramid, in which case,
e, nesse caso,
that's more aspirational?
to invert the pyramid,
can participate as an entrepreneur,
como empresários,
is all based on the idea
é baseado na ideia
explorar o seu próprio potencial
tap into their potential
over their learning,
o seu processo de aprendizagem,
as just a citizen of the world,
como um cidadão do mundo,
the type of equity we can we have,
de equidade que podemos ter,
could even progress.
a nossa civilização podia progredir.
a pretty exciting time to be alive.
muito excitante para viver.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneurIn 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.
Why you should listen
Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.
Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.
Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.
Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com