Sal Khan: Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
살만 칸(Salman Kahn): 시험 점수가 아닌 통달을 위해 가르칩시다
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
the two ideas that,
얘기하려고 합니다.
my observations at Khan Academy,
관찰하면서 알게 된 것인데
or the key leverage points for learning.
효과를 극대화할 수 있는 것입니다.
working with my cousins.
초기에 보게 되었습니다.
with math at first,
수학을 어려워했었습니다.
accumulated in their learning.
누적되어 있었기 때문이었어요.
they got to an algebra class
대수학 수업에 들어가서는
shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
개념에서 흔들렸습니다.
they didn't have the math gene.
없다고 생각했습니다.
shaky on the algebra.
some of those videos on YouTube,
이런 모습을 보았고
who were not my cousins were watching.
영상을 시청한다는 걸 알게 됐어요.
were just simple thank-yous.
감사합니다 였습니다.
있다고 생각했어요.
you all spend on YouTube.
보내시는지는 모르겠지만
"감사합니다"가 아닙니다.
got a little more intense,
that they had grown up not liking math.
싫어했다는 말을 했어요.
into more advanced math topics.
다루면서 더 어려워졌고
they couldn't engage with it.
배울 수가 없었습니다.
없는 것이라고 생각했죠.
have the math gene.
and decided to engage.
배우기로 결심했어요.
and master those concepts,
통달할 수 있었어요.
that it wasn't fixed;
정해져 있다는 사고도 바뀌었어요.
of learning mathematics.
you would master a lot of things in life.
통달하는 방식입니다.
learn a martial art.
practice the white belt skills
a musical instrument:
over and over again,
academic model is structured,
that most of us grew up in.
띠고 있지 않다는 겁니다.
usually by age,
그룹으로 만듭니다.
together at the same pace.
pre-algebra class,
a lecture on exponents,
we'll review the homework,
lecture, homework.
수업하고, 숙제합니다.
two or three weeks,
gaps in our knowledge,
알게 됩니다.
the five percent they didn't know?
모르는 게 5% 있습니다.
move on to the next subject,
that's going to build on those gaps.
더 심화된 내용으로요.
or negative exponents.
음의 지수일 수도 있어요.
and you immediately start to realize
여러분은 곧바로 이게 얼마나
of the more foundational thing,
이해하지 못했는데
to the more advanced thing.
강요받고 있습니다.
all the way until at some point,
삼각함수 수업에 들어가서
or trigonometry class
이 과정은 몇 달이고 몇 년이고
is fundamentally difficult
어렵기 때문이어서나
and they're dealing with exponents
that I didn't know is showing up.
나오기 때문입니다.
아셔야 해요.
in our life that way.
한다고 생각해보세요.
우리가 이렇게 말하는 거죠.
two weeks to build a foundation.
시간이 2주밖에 없어요.
않을 수도 있어요.
the inspector comes, looks around,
둘러보고는 이렇게 말합니다.
is still wet right over there,
다 마르지 않았네요.
Let's build the first floor."
그럼 이제 1층을 지읍시다."
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
감독관이 와서 75점을 줘요.
while you're building the third floor,
교육 분야에서처럼 반응한다면
you typically have in education,
we had a bad contractor,
or more frequent inspection.
더 자주 검사받을걸.
was the process.
있는 건 과정입니다.
how long we had to something,
인위적으로 제한을 두어서
and identifying those gaps,
수고를 했음에도
is to do the exact opposite.
정반대를 하는 것입니다.
constraining, fixing
제한으로 두고 고정하여
that variable outcome,
결과를 자초하기 보다는
to work on something,
they actually master the material.
통달한다는 사실입니다.
learn their exponents better,
the right mindset muscles.
사실을 깨닫는 게 중요합니다.
20 percent wrong on something,
a C branded in your DNA somehow.
갖고 있어서가 아니라
keep working on it.
깨닫게 해주니까요.
you should have perseverance;
well, hey, this is all great,
그래, 다 이론적으로는 좋네요.
of mastery-based learning
over their learning.
학습하는 것 모두 좋아보여요.
but it seems impractical.
비현실적인 것 같아요.
would be on their own track.
학생들은 자기만의 길을 걸어야 하고
and worksheets for every student.
문제지도 학생들마다 달라야 해요.
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
위네카 시에서 실험했었죠.
좋은 결과를 얻었지만
and saw great results,
because it was logistically difficult.
대규모로 하지는 않을 거라고 했지요.
worksheets to every student,
문제지를 나누어주고
더 이상 비현실적이지 않습니다.
at their own time and pace?
설명을 듣는다고요?
readily available for students.
맞춤형 연습문제가 있어요.
all sorts of neat things happen.
멋진 일들이 많이 생깁니다.
master the concepts,
완전히 익힐 수 있고
their growth mindset,
can start to happen
on the lecture,
over the material.
모의 실험을 해볼 수 있습니다.
Socratic dialogue.
제대로 알기 위해서
of a thought experiment.
into the past to Western Europe,
낮은 곳 중 하나였던
literate parts of the planet,
of the population knew how to read.
15%정도일 겁니다.
who did know how to read,
예를 들어 성직자에게
생각하세요?"라고 물어본다면
do you think is even capable of reading?"
with a great education system,
있다면 아마 20, 30%겠죠."라고
would have been wildly pessimistic,
심히 비관적이라는 걸 압니다.
of the population is capable of reading.
글을 읽을 수 있으니까요.
a similar question:
do you think is capable
유기화학을 이해하거나
생각하시나요?"라고 묻는다면
to cancer research?"
with a great education system,
좋은 교육 체계가 있다면
할 거예요.
in a non-mastery framework,
학습을 강요당하고 공백이 쌓이던
or observing your peers,
여러분이 겪었던 경험이나
at this set pace through classes,
친구들을 관찰하며 봐온 것에
you get to an advanced class,
고등 수업을 듣는 순간
이런 말을 하게 되죠.
내 길이 아닌가봐."
not meant to be a mathematician."
학습을 할 수 있고
in a mastery framework,
take agency over your learning,
as a moment of learning --
받아들을 수 있다면
that could really master calculus
이해할 수 있는 사람의 비율은
the industrial age
시대에서 퇴장하면서
this information revolution.
things are happening.
있는 건 분명합니다.
society was a pyramid.
피라미드 형태였습니다.
you needed human labor.
인간의 노동력이 필요했습니다.
you had an information processing,
정보 처리가 있었죠.
you had your owners of capital
있는지 알고 있어요.
automation, is going to take over.
자동화가 장악할 겁니다.
information processing,
이런 의문을 품게 됩니다.
because of this technology,
of the pyramid, in which case,
만약 그렇다면
that's more aspirational?
더 야심찬 일을 하게 될까?
to invert the pyramid,
can participate as an entrepreneur,
예술가로, 연구자로
생각하지 않습니다.
is all based on the idea
학습의 주체가 됨으로써
tap into their potential
실현할 수 있게 해준다면
over their learning,
as just a citizen of the world,
the type of equity we can we have,
얼마나 빠른 속도로
could even progress.
a pretty exciting time to be alive.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneurIn 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.
Why you should listen
Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.
Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.
Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.
Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com