ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneur
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.

Why you should listen

Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.

Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.

Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.

More profile about the speaker
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com
TED Talks Live

Sal Khan: Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores

Salman Khan: Vamos educar para maestria, não para notas em provas

Filmed:
3,654,589 views

Você escolheria morar em uma casa cuja fundação está incompleta? É claro que não. Por que, então, apressamos a educação dos estudantes se eles às vezes nem entenderam o básico? Sim, é complicado, mas o educador Sal Khan nos conta o seu plano para transformar alunos com dificuldade na escola em estudiosos acadêmicos, ajudando-os a dominar conceitos de acordo com seu próprio ritmo de aprendizado.
- Educator and social entrepreneur
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'm here today to talk about
the two ideas that,
0
954
2926
Estou aqui para falar sobre duas ideias
que, baseado no que observei
na Khan Academy,
00:15
at least based on
my observations at Khan Academy,
1
3904
2358
são o cerne, as peças-chave
para o aprendizado.
00:18
are kind of the core,
or the key leverage points for learning.
2
6286
3878
Os conceitos de "maestria"
e "mentalidade".
00:22
And it's the idea of mastery
3
10188
2016
00:24
and the idea of mindset.
4
12228
1785
00:26
I saw this in the early days
working with my cousins.
5
14037
2834
Percebi isso um tempo atrás
ao trabalhar com meus primos.
Muitos deles estavam
com dificuldades em matemática
00:28
A lot of them were having trouble
with math at first,
6
16895
2480
porque tinham várias lacunas
acumuladas ao longo do aprendizado.
00:31
because they had all of these gaps
accumulated in their learning.
7
19399
3054
E, por causa disso, ao assistirem
a uma aula de álgebra,
00:34
And because of that, at some point
they got to an algebra class
8
22477
2989
ficaram um pouco inseguros
no estudo inicial da matéria,
00:37
and they might have been a little bit
shaky on some of the pre-algebra,
9
25490
3402
e, por isso, pensaram
não possuir o gene da matemática.
00:40
and because of that, they thought
they didn't have the math gene.
10
28916
3445
Ou foram para uma aula de cálculo
e sentiram-se inseguros com a álgebra.
00:44
Or they'd get to a calculus class,
11
32385
1663
00:46
and they'd be a little bit
shaky on the algebra.
12
34072
2762
E, logo no início, quando eu estava
carregando alguns vídeos no YouTube,
00:48
I saw it in the early days
13
36858
1570
00:50
when I was uploading
some of those videos on YouTube,
14
38452
3528
percebi que não só meus primos
os estavam assistindo.
00:54
and I realized that people
who were not my cousins were watching.
15
42004
3277
(Risos)
00:57
(Laughter)
16
45305
1865
No início, os comentários
eram simples agradecimentos.
00:59
And at first, those comments
were just simple thank-yous.
17
47194
3866
01:03
I thought that was a pretty big deal.
18
51084
1969
Achei que isso significava muito.
Eu não sei o quanto vocês usam o YouTube,
01:05
I don't know how much time
you all spend on YouTube.
19
53077
2452
mas a maioria dos comentários
não é agradecendo.
01:07
Most of the comments are not "Thank you."
20
55553
2087
(Risos)
01:09
(Laughter)
21
57664
1457
Eles são mais provocadores do que isso.
01:11
They're a little edgier than that.
22
59145
1638
01:12
But then the comments
got a little more intense,
23
60807
2431
Mas os comentários passaram
a ser mais profundos,
estudantes constantemente dizendo
que nunca gostaram de matemática,
01:15
student after student saying
that they had grown up not liking math.
24
63262
4456
que a dificuldade aumentou quando questões
mais avançadas apareceram.
01:19
It was getting difficult as they got
into more advanced math topics.
25
67742
3199
Quando chegaram na álgebra,
01:22
By the time they got to algebra,
26
70965
1528
tinham tantas lacunas no aprendizado
que já não acompanhavam mais,
01:24
they had so many gaps in their knowledge
they couldn't engage with it.
27
72517
3328
e achavam que não tinham
o gene da matemática.
01:27
They thought they didn't
have the math gene.
28
75869
2073
Quando ficaram mais velhos, assumiram
a responsabilidade e resolveram agir.
01:29
But when they were a bit older,
29
77966
1480
01:31
they took a little agency
and decided to engage.
30
79470
2243
Eles acharam fontes como a Khan Academy,
01:33
They found resources like Khan Academy
31
81737
1852
e conseguiram preencher essas lacunas,
dominar esses conceitos
01:35
and they were able to fill in those gaps
and master those concepts,
32
83613
3150
e isso reforçou a mentalidade deles
de que aquilo não era imutável,
01:38
and that reinforced their mindset
that it wasn't fixed;
33
86787
2590
01:41
that they actually were capable
of learning mathematics.
34
89401
3565
de que eles eram capazes
de aprender matemática.
E, de certa forma, é assim que você
aprende várias coisas na vida.
01:44
And in a lot of ways, this is how
you would master a lot of things in life.
35
92990
4053
É assim que você aprende uma arte marcial.
01:49
It's the way you would
learn a martial art.
36
97067
2299
Na arte marcial você pratica habilidades
de faixa branca o quanto for preciso,
01:51
In a martial art, you would
practice the white belt skills
37
99390
3166
01:54
as long as necessary,
38
102580
1413
e apenas depois de dominá-las
pode passar para a faixa amarela.
01:56
and only when you've mastered it
39
104017
1551
01:57
you would move on to become a yellow belt.
40
105592
2135
É assim que você aprende
um instrumento musical:
01:59
It's the way you learn
a musical instrument:
41
107751
2071
você pratica um exercício
básico repetidamente,
02:01
you practice the basic piece
over and over again,
42
109846
2294
e, apenas quando o domina,
passa para um mais avançado.
02:04
and only when you've mastered it,
43
112164
1588
02:05
you go on to the more advanced one.
44
113776
1671
E, quero ressaltar,
02:07
But what we point out --
45
115471
1340
essa não é a estrutura
do modelo acadêmico tradicional,
02:08
this is not the way a traditional
academic model is structured,
46
116835
4485
o modelo acadêmico
ao qual estamos acostumados.
02:13
the type of academic model
that most of us grew up in.
47
121344
3335
No modelo acadêmico tradicional,
nós juntamos estudantes por idade,
02:16
In a traditional academic model,
48
124703
1542
02:18
we group students together,
usually by age,
49
126269
2419
02:20
and around middle school,
50
128712
1279
e, na metade do ensino fundamental,
também pelas habilidades observadas,
02:22
by age and perceived ability,
51
130015
1846
02:23
and we shepherd them all
together at the same pace.
52
131885
2558
e conduzimos todos juntos, no mesmo ritmo.
E o que geralmente acontece,
02:27
And what typically happens,
53
135038
1297
digamos que estamos na aula de introdução
à álgebra, estudando expoentes,
02:28
let's say we're in a middle school
pre-algebra class,
54
136359
2501
02:30
and the current unit is on exponents,
55
138884
1794
o professor dará uma aula sobre expoentes,
e iremos para casa fazer a tarefa de casa.
02:32
the teacher will give
a lecture on exponents,
56
140702
2190
02:34
then we'll go home, do some homework.
57
142916
2285
Na manhã seguinte, revisamos essa tarefa,
02:37
The next morning,
we'll review the homework,
58
145225
2054
em seguida outra aula,
tarefa, aula, tarefa.
02:39
then another lecture, homework,
lecture, homework.
59
147303
2348
Isso seguirá por umas três ou quatro
semanas, até fazermos a prova.
02:41
That will continue for about
two or three weeks,
60
149675
2261
02:43
and then we get a test.
61
151960
1175
Na prova, talvez eu consiga acertar 75%,
02:45
On that test, maybe I get a 75 percent,
62
153159
3318
você acerta 90%, e você 95%.
02:48
maybe you get a 90 percent,
63
156501
1417
02:49
maybe you get a 95 percent.
64
157942
1984
E, mesmo que tenham sido
identificadas lacunas no aprendizado,
02:51
And even though the test identified
gaps in our knowledge,
65
159950
2747
eu não sabia 25% da matéria,
02:54
I didn't know 25 percent of the material.
66
162721
1959
e mesmo os estudantes nota A:
quais eram os 5% que eles não sabiam?
02:56
Even the A student, what was
the five percent they didn't know?
67
164704
2972
Mesmo tendo identificado essas lacunas,
02:59
Even though we've identified the gaps,
68
167700
1813
a classe toda irá passar
para o próximo assunto,
03:01
the whole class will then
move on to the next subject,
69
169537
2538
provavelmente um assunto
mais avançado, baseado nessas lacunas.
03:04
probably a more advanced subject
that's going to build on those gaps.
70
172099
3402
Pode ser logaritmos,
ou expoentes negativos.
03:07
It might be logarithms
or negative exponents.
71
175525
3373
O processo continua, e você começa
a se dar conta do quanto isso é estranho.
03:10
And that process continues,
and you immediately start to realize
72
178922
3031
03:13
how strange this is.
73
181977
1175
Eu não sabia 25% do conteúdo mais básico
03:15
I didn't know 25 percent
of the more foundational thing,
74
183176
2771
e estou passando
para um nível mais avançado.
03:17
and now I'm being pushed
to the more advanced thing.
75
185971
2445
E isso continuará por meses,
anos, até que, em algum momento,
03:20
And this will continue for months, years,
all the way until at some point,
76
188440
3712
estarei em uma aula de álgebra,
ou de trigonometria,
03:24
I might be in an algebra class
or trigonometry class
77
192176
2440
e vou bater em uma parede.
03:26
and I hit a wall.
78
194640
1257
03:27
And it's not because algebra
is fundamentally difficult
79
195921
2654
E não porque a álgebra
é, em essência, difícil,
03:30
or because the student isn't bright.
80
198599
3992
ou porque o aluno não é brilhante.
É porque estou vendo
uma equação com expoentes,
03:34
It's because I'm seeing an equation
and they're dealing with exponents
81
202615
3311
e os 30% que eu não sabia
estão vindo à tona.
03:37
and that 30 percent
that I didn't know is showing up.
82
205950
2729
E passo a me sentir desencorajado.
03:40
And then I start to disengage.
83
208703
2829
Para entendermos o quanto isso é absurdo,
03:44
To appreciate how absurd that is,
84
212469
3426
imaginem se fizéssemos
outras coisas desse jeito.
03:47
imagine if we did other things
in our life that way.
85
215919
2745
Por exemplo, construção de casas.
03:51
Say, home-building.
86
219124
1454
03:52
(Laughter)
87
220602
2673
(Risos)
03:56
So we bring in the contractor and say,
88
224878
3394
Chegamos ao empreiteiro e dizemos:
"Temos apenas duas semanas
para erguer a fundação.
04:00
"We were told we have
two weeks to build a foundation.
89
228296
2548
Faça o possível".
04:02
Do what you can."
90
230868
1336
04:04
(Laughter)
91
232228
2303
(Risos)
E eles fazem o possível.
04:06
So they do what they can.
92
234985
1792
Talvez chova, talvez alguns
materiais não estejam disponíveis.
04:08
Maybe it rains.
93
236801
1156
04:09
Maybe some of the supplies don't show up.
94
237981
1969
04:11
And two weeks later,
the inspector comes, looks around,
95
239974
3310
Duas semanas depois, chega o fiscal,
dá uma olhada em volta,
e diz: "Bem, o concreto
ainda está úmido aqui,
04:15
says, "OK, the concrete
is still wet right over there,
96
243308
2665
esta parte não está bem de acordo.
04:17
that part's not quite up to code ...
97
245997
1852
Eu te dou 80%".
04:20
I'll give it an 80 percent."
98
248838
1358
(Risos)
04:22
(Laughter)
99
250220
1064
Você diz: "Ótimo! Nota C.
Vamos construir o primeiro andar".
04:23
You say, "Great! That's a C.
Let's build the first floor."
100
251308
2735
(Risos)
04:26
(Laughter)
101
254067
1018
A mesma coisa.
04:27
Same thing.
102
255109
1154
Temos duas semanas, faça o que puder,
o fiscal aparece e dá 75%.
04:28
We have two weeks, do what you can,
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent.
103
256287
3839
Ótimo, nota D+.
04:32
Great, that's a D-plus.
104
260150
1159
Segundo andar, terceiro,
04:33
Second floor, third floor,
105
261333
1246
e, de repente, enquanto você constrói
o terceiro andar, a estrutura desmorona.
04:34
and all of a sudden,
while you're building the third floor,
106
262603
2778
04:37
the whole structure collapses.
107
265405
1436
E se a sua reação for a mesma
que você costuma ter sobre educação,
04:38
And if your reaction is the reaction
you typically have in education,
108
266865
3244
e que muitas pessoas têm,
04:42
or that a lot of folks have,
109
270133
1341
você dirá: "Talvez
o empreiteiro fosse ruim,
04:43
you might say, maybe
we had a bad contractor,
110
271498
2106
talvez fosse preciso uma inspeção melhor,
ou inspeções mais frequentes".
04:45
or maybe we needed better inspection
or more frequent inspection.
111
273628
3093
Mas era o método que estava comprometido.
04:48
But what was really broken
was the process.
112
276745
2249
Limitamos artificialmente o tempo
disponível para a execução,
04:51
We were artificially constraining
how long we had to something,
113
279018
3029
o que faz o resultado ser incerto.
04:54
pretty much ensuring a variable outcome,
114
282071
2373
Nós nos damos ao trabalho
de examinar e identificar essas lacunas,
04:56
and we took the trouble of inspecting
and identifying those gaps,
115
284468
3524
mas, mesmo assim, continuamos construindo.
05:00
but then we built right on top of it.
116
288016
1933
A ideia de aprender com maestria
é fazer exatamente o oposto.
05:01
So the idea of mastery learning
is to do the exact opposite.
117
289973
2937
Em vez de limitar artificialmente
"quando" e "quanto tempo" se trabalha,
05:04
Instead of artificially
constraining, fixing
118
292934
2468
05:07
when and how long you work on something,
119
295426
1988
o que produz um resultado
incerto, as notas A, B, C, D, F,
05:09
pretty much ensuring
that variable outcome,
120
297438
2218
05:11
the A, B, C, D, F --
121
299680
1673
fazer de outra maneira.
05:13
do it the other way around.
122
301980
1484
O que varia é quando e quanto tempo
o aluno precisa trabalhar em um dado tema,
05:15
What's variable is when and how long
123
303844
1792
05:17
a student actually has
to work on something,
124
305660
2094
05:19
and what's fixed is that
they actually master the material.
125
307778
3247
e o fixo é que ele aprenderá
o tema com maestria.
05:23
And it's important to realize
126
311445
1651
É importante compreender
que o aluno não apenas irá
aprender melhor os expoentes,
05:25
that not only will this make the student
learn their exponents better,
127
313120
3365
mas irá fortalecer
"os músculos da sua mentalidade".
05:28
but it'll reinforce
the right mindset muscles.
128
316509
2958
05:31
It makes them realize that if you got
20 percent wrong on something,
129
319491
3428
Fará com que eles percebam
que, se há 20% de erro em algo,
não significa que você possui
uma nota C marcada no seu DNA,
05:34
it doesn't mean that you have
a C branded in your DNA somehow.
130
322943
3389
significa que é preciso
continuar trabalhando nisso.
05:38
It means that you should just
keep working on it.
131
326356
2434
Você deve ter determinação, perseverança
05:40
You should have grit;
you should have perseverance;
132
328814
2492
e assumir a responsabilidade
pelo seu aprendizado.
05:43
you should take agency over your learning.
133
331330
2141
05:45
Now, a lot of skeptics might say,
well, hey, this is all great,
134
333908
2990
Mas muitos céticos dirão:
"Bem, isso tudo é ótimo.
Filosoficamente, essa ideia
de maestria no aprendizado
05:48
philosophically, this whole idea
of mastery-based learning
135
336922
2721
e sua conexão com mentalidade,
05:51
and its connection to mindset,
136
339667
1436
estudantes responsáveis
pelo próprio aprendizado,
05:53
students taking agency
over their learning.
137
341127
2099
05:55
It makes a lot of sense,
but it seems impractical.
138
343250
3135
faz muito sentido,
mas parece impraticável.
Para fazer isso, cada aluno
deveria seguir um ritmo próprio,
05:58
To actually do it, every student
would be on their own track.
139
346409
3397
precisaria ser algo personalizado,
06:01
It would have to be personalized,
140
349830
1624
com tutores particulares
e planos de trabalho para cada aluno.
06:03
you'd have to have private tutors
and worksheets for every student.
141
351478
3182
E essa não é uma ideia nova:
06:06
And these aren't new ideas --
142
354684
1499
houve experimentos em Winnetka, Illinois,
100 anos atrás, usando esse aprendizado,
06:08
there were experiments
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago,
143
356207
2826
06:11
where they did mastery-based learning
and saw great results,
144
359057
2818
e com ótimos resultados,
06:13
but they said it wouldn't scale
because it was logistically difficult.
145
361899
3297
mas disseram que não funcionaria
por questões logísticas.
O professor tinha que dar
planos de trabalho personalizados,
06:17
The teacher had to give different
worksheets to every student,
146
365220
2907
e avaliações sempre que solicitadas.
06:20
give on-demand assessments.
147
368151
1288
Mas hoje isso deixou de ser impraticável,
pois temos ferramentas para isso.
06:21
But now today, it's no longer impractical.
148
369463
2261
06:23
We have the tools to do it.
149
371748
1366
Explicações de acordo
com o tempo e ritmo do aluno?
06:25
Students see an explanation
at their own time and pace?
150
373138
2595
Há vídeos disponíveis sempre.
06:27
There's on-demand video for that.
151
375757
1595
Eles precisam de prática, de feedback?
06:29
They need practice? They need feedback?
152
377376
2072
Há exercícios adaptativos
sempre à disposição.
06:31
There's adaptive exercises
readily available for students.
153
379472
4440
E, quando isso acontecer,
coisas legais também virão.
06:36
And when that happens,
all sorts of neat things happen.
154
384311
2594
Os estudantes poderão
dominar os conceitos,
06:38
One, the students can actually
master the concepts,
155
386929
2773
desenvolver sua mentalidade,
sua determinação e perseverança,
06:41
but they're also building
their growth mindset,
156
389726
2195
06:43
they're building grit, perseverance,
157
391945
1797
tornando-se responsáveis
pelo próprio aprendizado.
06:45
they're taking agency over their learning.
158
393766
2023
E coisas lindas irão
acontecer na sala de aula.
06:47
And all sorts of beautiful things
can start to happen
159
395813
2557
06:50
in the actual classroom.
160
398394
1636
Em vez de focar a explicação,
os estudantes irão interagir entre eles
06:52
Instead of it being focused
on the lecture,
161
400054
2058
06:54
students can interact with each other.
162
402136
1818
e poderão dominar ainda mais o assunto.
06:55
They can get deeper mastery
over the material.
163
403978
2158
Poderão fazer simulações,
diálogos socráticos.
06:58
They can go into simulations,
Socratic dialogue.
164
406160
2353
Para se ter uma ideia melhor
do que estamos falando
07:00
To appreciate what we're talking about
165
408537
2679
07:03
and the tragedy of lost potential here,
166
411240
4047
e da trágica perda
de potencial que acontece,
irei dar um exemplo
para pensarmos melhor nisso.
07:07
I'd like to give a little bit
of a thought experiment.
167
415311
3143
Se voltarmos 400 anos à Europa Ocidental,
07:10
If we were to go 400 years
into the past to Western Europe,
168
418985
5066
que, à época, já era uma das regiões
mais letradas do planeta,
07:16
which even then, was one of the more
literate parts of the planet,
169
424075
3164
vocês veriam que em torno de 15%
da população sabia ler.
07:19
you would see that about 15 percent
of the population knew how to read.
170
427263
3727
E eu suspeito que se vocês perguntassem
para alguém que soubesse ler,
07:23
And I suspect that if you asked someone
who did know how to read,
171
431556
3638
por exemplo, um membro do clero:
07:27
say a member of the clergy,
172
435218
1896
"Para você, qual porcentagem
da população é capaz de aprender a ler?"
07:29
"What percentage of the population
do you think is even capable of reading?"
173
437138
3612
Ele talvez dissesse: "Bem,
com um sistema educacional muito bom,
07:32
They might say, "Well,
with a great education system,
174
440774
3561
talvez 20 ou 30%".
07:36
maybe 20 or 30 percent."
175
444359
2244
Mas, olhando o presente,
07:39
But if you fast forward to today,
176
447424
1587
sabemos que tal previsão
seria extremamente pessimista,
07:41
we know that that prediction
would have been wildly pessimistic,
177
449035
3015
e que, na verdade, quase 100%
da população é capaz de ler.
07:44
that pretty close to 100 percent
of the population is capable of reading.
178
452074
4125
Mas se fizermos uma pergunta semelhante:
07:48
But if I were to ask you
a similar question:
179
456223
2551
"Qual porcentagem da população
07:51
"What percentage of the population
do you think is capable
180
459494
3539
é realmente capaz de dominar cálculo,
07:55
of truly mastering calculus,
181
463057
2873
ou entender química orgânica,
07:57
or understanding organic chemistry,
182
465954
3013
ou contribuir em pesquisas
sobre o câncer?"
08:00
or being able to contribute
to cancer research?"
183
468991
3286
Muitos diriam: "Bem, com um sistema
educacional muito bom, talvez 20 ou 30%".
08:04
A lot of you might say, "Well,
with a great education system,
184
472301
2897
08:07
maybe 20, 30 percent."
185
475222
2022
Mas e se essa estimativa
08:09
But what if that estimate
186
477778
1313
for baseada na sua própria experiência,
sem o conceito de "maestria",
08:11
is just based on your own experience
in a non-mastery framework,
187
479115
3387
olhando a sua própria experiência,
ou a dos seus colegas,
08:14
your own experience with yourself
or observing your peers,
188
482526
2832
em que você é levado nesse mesmo ritmo
ao longo das aulas, acumulando lacunas?
08:17
where you're being pushed
at this set pace through classes,
189
485382
2789
08:20
accumulating all these gaps?
190
488195
1339
Mesmo que você atinja 95%,
quais foram os 5% que você perdeu?
08:21
Even when you got that 95 percent,
191
489558
1641
08:23
what was that five percent you missed?
192
491223
1812
Você vai acumulando, até chegar a um nível
avançado, bater em uma parede e dizer:
08:25
And it keeps accumulating --
you get to an advanced class,
193
493059
2727
08:27
all of a sudden you hit a wall and say,
194
495810
1872
"Não estou destinado a pesquisar o câncer,
ser um físico ou ser um matemático".
08:29
"I'm not meant to be a cancer researcher;
195
497706
2003
08:31
not meant to be a physicist;
not meant to be a mathematician."
196
499733
2928
E eu acredito que esse seja o caso,
08:34
I suspect that that actually is the case,
197
502685
1977
mas se você pudesse atuar
em um ambiente que preza pela maestria,
08:36
but if you were allowed to be operating
in a mastery framework,
198
504686
3826
se você pudesse assumir a responsabilidade
pela sua própria aprendizagem,
08:40
if you were allowed to really
take agency over your learning,
199
508536
3417
08:43
and when you get something wrong,
200
511977
1596
e se algo desse errado, acolher o erro,
ver nessa falha um momento de aprendizado,
08:45
embrace it -- view that failure
as a moment of learning --
201
513597
2792
aquele número, a porcentagem
que poderia dominar cálculo com maestria,
08:48
that number, the percent
that could really master calculus
202
516413
3957
ou entender química orgânica,
08:52
or understand organic chemistry,
203
520394
1760
seria, na verdade, bem próxima de 100%.
08:54
is actually a lot closer to 100 percent.
204
522178
2502
E isso não é apenas "legal de ter".
08:57
And this isn't even just a "nice to have."
205
525601
2857
É uma obrigação social.
09:01
I think it's a social imperative.
206
529019
2063
09:03
We're exiting what you could call
the industrial age
207
531511
3851
Estamos saindo daquilo
que podemos chamar de era industrial
e adentrando a era
da revolução da informação.
09:07
and we're going into
this information revolution.
208
535386
3804
Está claro que algo está acontecendo.
09:11
And it's clear that some
things are happening.
209
539646
2174
Na era industrial, éramos uma pirâmide.
09:13
In the industrial age,
society was a pyramid.
210
541844
2113
Na base dessa pirâmide
era preciso trabalho humano.
09:15
At the base of the pyramid,
you needed human labor.
211
543981
4652
No meio da pirâmide
havia processamento de informações,
09:21
In the middle of the pyramid,
you had an information processing,
212
549085
3333
a classe burocrática.
09:24
a bureaucracy class,
213
552442
1598
E no topo da pirâmide havia
os detentores do capital,
09:26
and at the top of the pyramid,
you had your owners of capital
214
554064
3674
09:29
and your entrepreneurs
215
557762
1999
os empreendedores e a classe criativa.
09:31
and your creative class.
216
559785
1452
Mas já sabemos o que acontece
09:33
But we know what's happening already,
217
561904
1796
à medida que entramos
na revolução da informação.
09:35
as we go into this information revolution.
218
563724
2015
A automatização irá dominar
toda a base dessa pirâmide.
09:37
The bottom of that pyramid,
automation, is going to take over.
219
565763
2953
E até mesmo o meio,
processamento de informações,
09:40
Even that middle tier,
information processing,
220
568740
2325
é nisso que computadores são bons.
09:43
that's what computers are good at.
221
571089
1626
Como sociedade, perguntamos:
09:44
So as a society, we have a question:
222
572739
1747
"Toda essa produtividade acontece
graças à essa tecnologia,
09:46
All this new productivity is happening
because of this technology,
223
574510
3118
mas quem participa disso?"
09:49
but who participates in it?
224
577652
1330
Só existirá o topo da pirâmide,
e, nesse caso, o que o restante irá fazer?
09:51
Is it just going to be that very top
of the pyramid, in which case,
225
579006
3195
09:54
what does everyone else do?
226
582225
1341
Como eles irão atuar?
09:55
How do they operate?
227
583590
1166
Ou faremos algo mais voltado
para nossas aspirações?
09:56
Or do we do something
that's more aspirational?
228
584780
2420
Tentaremos inverter a pirâmide
para termos uma grande classe criativa,
09:59
Do we actually attempt
to invert the pyramid,
229
587581
3110
10:02
where you have a large creative class,
230
590715
2001
10:04
where almost everyone
can participate as an entrepreneur,
231
592740
3681
na qual quase todos possam
participar como empreendedores,
artistas e pesquisadores?
10:08
an artist, as a researcher?
232
596445
1945
E não acho que isso seja utópico.
10:10
And I don't think that this is utopian.
233
598850
1930
Acredito que, se permitirmos às pessoas
explorarem todo seu potencial,
10:12
I really think that this
is all based on the idea
234
600804
2364
10:15
that if we let people
tap into their potential
235
603192
2184
dominando conceitos com maestria,
10:17
by mastering concepts,
236
605400
1964
10:19
by being able to exercise agency
over their learning,
237
607388
3577
e assumindo a responsabilidade
pelo seu aprendizado,
elas poderão chegar lá.
10:22
that they can get there.
238
610989
1342
E pensar nisso apenas
como um cidadão do mundo,
10:24
And when you think of it
as just a citizen of the world,
239
612672
4000
é algo muito empolgante.
10:28
it's pretty exciting.
240
616696
1263
Pensem na forma de igualdade
que poderemos ter,
10:29
I mean, think about
the type of equity we can we have,
241
617983
2628
e no ritmo em que a nossa
civilização poderá progredir.
10:32
and the rate at which civilization
could even progress.
242
620635
3204
Estou muito otimista com isso.
10:36
And so, I'm pretty optimistic about it.
243
624339
2213
Acho que será uma época
muito empolgante para se viver.
10:38
I think it's going to be
a pretty exciting time to be alive.
244
626576
3563
Obrigado.
10:42
Thank you.
245
630163
1166
10:43
(Applause)
246
631353
5477
(Aplausos)
Translated by João Felipe Gremski
Reviewed by Cláudia Sander

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sal Khan - Educator and social entrepreneur
In 2004, Sal Khan, a hedge fund analyst, began making math tutorials for his cousins. Twelve years later, Khan Academy has more than 42 million registered users from 190 countries, with tutorials on subjects from basic math through economics, art history, computer science, health, medicine and more.

Why you should listen

Salman "Sal" Khan is the founder and chief executive officer of Khan Academy, a not-for-profit with a mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere.

Khan Academy started as a passion project in 2004. Khan's cousin was struggling with math, so he tutored her remotely and posted educational videos on YouTube. So many people watched the videos that eventually Khan quit his job at a hedge fund and pursued Khan Academy full time. Today Khan Academy has more than 100 employees in Mountain View, California. Khan Academy believes learners of all ages should have unlimited access to free educational content they can master at their own pace. Its resources cover preschool through early college education, including math, grammar, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, finance and history. Additionally, Khan Academy offers free personalized SAT test prep in partnership with the test developer, the College Board. More than 42 million registered users access Khan Academy in dozens of languages across 190 countries.

Khan has been profiled by "60 Minutes," featured on the cover of Forbes, and recognized as one of TIME’s "100 Most Influential People in the World." In his book, The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined, Sal outlines his vision for the future of education.

Khan holds three degrees from MIT and an MBA from Harvard Business School.

More profile about the speaker
Sal Khan | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee