TED2017
Armando Azua-Bustos: The most Martian place on Earth
Armando Azua-Bustos: Najmarsovskije mjesto na Zemlji
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Kako proučavati Mars bez svemirskog broda? Uputite se na najmarsovskije mjesto na Zemlji - u pustinju Atacama u Čileu. Astrobiolog Armando Azua-Bustos odrastao je u ovom golemom, sušnom krajoliku i sada proučava rijetke oblike života koji su se prilagodili životu ondje, neki u područjima u kojima tijekom zadnjih 400 godina nije bilo kiše. Istražite mogućnost pronalaska života drugdje u svemiru bez da napustite planet u ovom brzom i duhovitom govoru.
Armando Azua-Bustos - Astrobiologist
TED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. Full bio
TED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a picture of a sunset on Mars
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Ovo je slika sumraka na Marsu,
00:15
taken by NASA's Curiosity rover in 2013.
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koju je 2013. uslikala
svemirska letjelica NASA-e.
svemirska letjelica NASA-e.
00:19
Mars is a very cold planet,
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Mars je jako hladan planet,
00:21
flooded with high levels of UV radiation
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ima visoke razine UV-zračenja
00:24
and extremely dry.
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te je iznimno suh.
00:26
In fact, Mars is considered
to be too dry for life as we know it.
to be too dry for life as we know it.
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Zapravo, Mars je presuh
za život na kakav smo navikli.
za život na kakav smo navikli.
00:30
I'm an astrobiologist.
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Ja sam astrobiolog.
00:32
I try to understand
the origin of life on Earth
the origin of life on Earth
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Pokušavam razumjeti
podrijetlo života na Zemlji
podrijetlo života na Zemlji
00:35
and the possibilities of finding life
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i mogućnosti pronalaska života
00:37
elsewhere in the universe.
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drugdje u svemiru.
00:39
People sometimes ask me,
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Ljudi me nekad pitaju
00:40
how can you be an astrobiologist
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kako mogu biti astrobiolog
00:42
if you don't have your own spaceship?
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ako nemam vlastiti svemirski brod.
00:45
Well, what I do is that I study life
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Ja proučavam život
00:47
in those environments on Earth
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u dijelovima Zemlje
00:49
that most closely resemble
other interesting places in the universe.
other interesting places in the universe.
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koji najviše nalikuju drugim
zanimljivim mjestima u svemiru.
zanimljivim mjestima u svemiru.
00:54
All life on Earth requires water,
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Sav život na Zemlji zahtijeva vodu
00:56
so in my case I focus
on the intimate relationship
on the intimate relationship
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pa se u mom slučaju
usredotočavam na bliske odnose
usredotočavam na bliske odnose
00:59
between water and life
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između vode i života
01:00
in order to understand
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kako bih shvatio
01:02
if we could find life
in a planet as dry as Mars.
in a planet as dry as Mars.
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bismo li mogli naći život
na planetu suhom poput Marsa.
na planetu suhom poput Marsa.
01:06
But since I do not have
the 2.5 billion dollars
the 2.5 billion dollars
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Ali budući da nemam 2,5 milijarde dolara
01:10
to send my own robot to Mars,
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da pošaljem vlastitog robota na Mars,
01:12
I study the most Martian place on Earth,
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proučavam najmarsovskije mjesto na Zemlji,
01:15
the Atacama Desert.
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pustinju Atacamu.
01:16
Located in northern Chile,
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Smještena je u sjevernom Čileu
01:18
it is the oldest
and driest desert on Earth.
and driest desert on Earth.
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te je najstarija
i najsuša pustinja na Zemlji.
i najsuša pustinja na Zemlji.
01:22
To give you an idea of how dry it is,
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Pokušat ću vam približiti koliko je suha.
01:24
consider here in Vancouver it rains
over 1,000 millimeters of rain every year.
over 1,000 millimeters of rain every year.
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Imajte na umu da ovdje u Vancouveru padne
preko 1.000 milimetara kiše svake godine.
preko 1.000 milimetara kiše svake godine.
01:29
In the Atacama, there are places
with no reported rains
with no reported rains
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U Atacami postoje mjesta
u kojima kiša nije padala
u kojima kiša nije padala
01:33
in the last 400 years.
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zadnjih 400 godina.
01:36
How do I know this?
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Otkud ja to znam?
01:38
Well, because I was born
and raised in the Atacama --
and raised in the Atacama --
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Pa, rodio sam se i odrastao u Atacami.
01:42
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:43
So I had a unique advantage
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Imao sam jedinstvenu prednost
01:45
when I started studying this desert.
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kad sam počeo proučavati ovu pustinju.
01:48
So let me tell you guys
a few fantastic examples
a few fantastic examples
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Reći ću vam nekoliko fantastičnih primjera
01:52
he has found
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na temu
01:54
on how life has adapted
to live with almost no water at all.
to live with almost no water at all.
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prilagodbe na život s gotovo nimalo vode.
01:58
One of my first findings
was in the entrance of a cave
was in the entrance of a cave
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Jedno od mojih prvih otkrića
bio je ulaz u spilju
bio je ulaz u spilju
02:01
facing the Pacific Ocean.
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koja gleda na Tihi ocean.
02:03
In this place, we reported
a new type of microalgae
a new type of microalgae
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Tu smo našli novu vrstu mikroalgi,
02:06
that grew only on top of the spiderwebs
that covered the cave entrance.
that covered the cave entrance.
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koja raste samo iznad paukovih mreža
koje prekrivaju ulaz u spilju.
koje prekrivaju ulaz u spilju.
02:11
Have you ever seen a spiderweb
early in the morning?
early in the morning?
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Jeste li ikad vidjeli
paukovu mrežu rano ujutro?
paukovu mrežu rano ujutro?
02:15
It's covered with dew,
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Prekrivena je rosom
02:16
so this microalgae learned
that in order to carry photosynthesis
that in order to carry photosynthesis
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pa je ova vrsta mikroalgi
naučila da za fotosintezu
naučila da za fotosintezu
02:20
in the coast of the driest
desert on Earth,
desert on Earth,
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na obali najsuše pustinje na Zemlji,
02:23
they could use the spiderwebs.
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može koristiti paukove mreže.
02:24
So here they may access
the water from the fogs
the water from the fogs
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Tu može uzimati vodu od magle,
02:27
that regularly cover
these areas in the morning.
these areas in the morning.
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koja ujutro redovno prekriva ova područja.
02:30
In another cave, we found
a different type of microalgae.
a different type of microalgae.
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U drugoj smo spilji
pronašli drugu vrstu mikroalgi.
pronašli drugu vrstu mikroalgi.
02:34
This one is able to use ocean mist
as a source of water,
as a source of water,
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One kao izvor vode
koriste oceansku maglicu,
koriste oceansku maglicu,
02:38
and strikingly lives
in the very bottom of a cave,
in the very bottom of a cave,
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a žive na samom dnu spilje
02:41
so it has adapted to live
with less than 0.1 percent
with less than 0.1 percent
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pa su se prilagodile životu
s manje od 0,1 posto
s manje od 0,1 posto
02:44
of the amount of light
that regular plants need.
that regular plants need.
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količine svjetla
koju trebaju obične biljke.
koju trebaju obične biljke.
02:49
These type of findings
suggest to me that on Mars,
suggest to me that on Mars,
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Takva otkrića me navode
na misao da bismo na Marsu
na misao da bismo na Marsu
02:52
we may find even
photosynthetic life inside caves.
photosynthetic life inside caves.
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mogli pronaći čak i
fotosintetski život unutar spilja.
fotosintetski život unutar spilja.
02:54
And by the way, that's me.
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Usput, to sam ja.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:59
Now, for almost 15 years
this region of Yungay, discovered by NASA,
this region of Yungay, discovered by NASA,
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Gotovo 15 godina, ova regija Yungay,
koju je otkrila NASA,
koju je otkrila NASA,
03:04
was thought to be
the driest place of this desert,
the driest place of this desert,
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smatrana je najsušim dijelom ove pustinje,
03:07
but I knew that it was not.
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ali ja sam znao da nije.
03:09
How? You already know the answer.
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Kako? Već znate odgovor.
03:12
Because I was born
and raised in this desert.
and raised in this desert.
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Zato što sam rođen
i odrastao u ovoj pustinji.
i odrastao u ovoj pustinji.
03:14
So I remembered that I
usually see fogs in Yungay,
usually see fogs in Yungay,
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Sjetio sam se da inače
viđam magle u Yungayu
viđam magle u Yungayu
03:19
so after setting sensors
in a number of places,
in a number of places,
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i nakon što sam postavio
senzore na više mjesta,
senzore na više mjesta,
03:21
where I remember
never seeing fogs or clouds,
never seeing fogs or clouds,
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gdje nikad nisam vidio maglu ili oblake,
03:24
I reported four other sites
much drier than Yungay,
much drier than Yungay,
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pronašao sam druga četiri
mjesta puno suša od Yungaya,
mjesta puno suša od Yungaya,
03:28
with this one, María Elena South,
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a ovaj, Maria Elena South,
03:31
being the truly driest place on Earth,
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uistinu je najsuše mjesto na Zemlji,
03:34
as dry as Mars,
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suho poput Marsa
03:36
and amazingly, just a 15-minute ride
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i udaljeno samo 15 minuta autom
03:38
from the small mining town
where I was born.
where I was born.
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od malog rudarskog mjesta
u kojem sam rođen.
u kojem sam rođen.
03:42
Now, in this search, we were trying
to actually find the dry limit
to actually find the dry limit
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U ovom istraživanju
pokušavali smo pronaći granicu suhoće
pokušavali smo pronaći granicu suhoće
03:45
for life on Earth,
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za život na Zemlji,
03:46
a place so dry that nothing
was able to survive in it.
was able to survive in it.
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mjesto toliko suho,
da ništa na njemu ne može preživjeti.
da ništa na njemu ne može preživjeti.
03:50
But even here, well hidden underground,
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Ali čak i ondje,
dobro skriveno ispod zemlje,
dobro skriveno ispod zemlje,
03:53
we found a number
of different microorganisms,
of different microorganisms,
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pronašli smo niz
različitih mikroorganizama,
različitih mikroorganizama,
03:55
which suggested to me
that similarly dry places, like Mars,
that similarly dry places, like Mars,
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iz čega sam zaključio da su
mnoga slično suha mjesta, poput Marsa,
mnoga slično suha mjesta, poput Marsa,
03:59
may be in inhabited.
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možda naseljena.
04:01
We even have some preliminary evidences
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Imamo neke preliminarne dokaze
04:03
that these microorganisms
may still be active
may still be active
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da bi ovi mikroorganizmi
mogli biti aktivni
mogli biti aktivni
04:06
in the desiccated state,
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u dehidriranom stanju,
04:08
like walking mummies all around us,
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poput hodajućih mumija svugdje oko nas,
04:12
and that they may be using
UV radiation as a source of energy.
UV radiation as a source of energy.
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i da možda koriste
UV-zračenje kao izvor energije.
UV-zračenje kao izvor energije.
04:16
If confirmed, this would have
a huge impact on our definition of life,
a huge impact on our definition of life,
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Ako se ovo potvrdi, to bi moglo imati
ogroman utjecaj na našu definiciju života,
ogroman utjecaj na našu definiciju života,
04:21
on how we look for life
elsewhere in the universe.
elsewhere in the universe.
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na to kako gledamo na život
drugdje u svemiru.
drugdje u svemiru.
04:24
Due to its clear skies, by 2020,
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Zahvaljujući vedrom nebu, do 2020. godine
04:27
60 percent of the biggest
telescopes on Earth
telescopes on Earth
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60% najvećih teleskopa na Zemlji
04:30
will be located in the Atacama,
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nalazit će se u Atacami
04:32
and while everyone else
will be looking among the stars
will be looking among the stars
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i dok svi ostali budu gledali u zvijezde
04:35
to answer the question, "Are we alone?"
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tražeći odgovor na pitanje
"Jesmo li sami?",
"Jesmo li sami?",
04:38
I will be looking down to the ground
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ja ću gledati u tlo
04:40
searching for this same answer
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u potrazi za istim odgovorom
04:43
in my own backyard.
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u svom dvorištu.
04:44
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:46
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Armando Azua-Bustos - AstrobiologistTED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth.
Why you should listen
Astrobiologist Armando Azua-Bustos is the CEO of Atacama Biotech, where he's working to find and characterize species that are able to survive in the extreme conditions imposed by the Atacama Desert in Chile.
In the past few years, a range of different lifeforms have been discovered in the Atacama, showing fascinating adaptations to extremely low water availability, high UV radiation, high salinity and other environmental stresses. For these same reasons, the desert is considered as a good analog model of the planet Mars.
Azua-Bustos is a TED Fellow. He earned a PhD in molecular genetics and microbiology as well as an MSc in biological sciences and an MSc in biochemistry.
Armando Azua-Bustos | Speaker | TED.com