TED2017
Armando Azua-Bustos: The most Martian place on Earth
Armando Azua-Bustos: Mesto na Zemlji najviše nalik Marsu
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Kako možete proučavati Mars bez svemirskog broda? Uputite se ka mestu na Zemlji koje je najviše nalik Marsu - pustinja Atakama u Čileu. Astrobiolog Armando Azua-Bustos je odrastao u ovom odgromnom suvom predelu i sada proučava retke oblike života koji su prilagođeni da prežive tamo, neki u oblastima gde kiša nije zabeležena poslednjih 400 godina. Istražite mogućnost pronalaska života drugde u svemiru bez napuštanja planete, sa ovim kratkim i zabavnim govorom.
Armando Azua-Bustos - Astrobiologist
TED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. Full bio
TED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is a picture of a sunset on Mars
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Ovo je fotografija zalaska sunca na Marsu
koju je Nasin rover Kjuriositi
snimio 2013. godine.
snimio 2013. godine.
00:15
taken by NASA's Curiosity rover in 2013.
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Mars je veoma hladna planeta
00:19
Mars is a very cold planet,
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sa mnoštvom ultraljubičastog
zračenja visokih nivoa
zračenja visokih nivoa
00:21
flooded with high levels of UV radiation
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i veoma je suv.
00:24
and extremely dry.
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U stvari, Mars se smatra suviše suvim
za život kakav mi znamo.
za život kakav mi znamo.
00:26
In fact, Mars is considered
to be too dry for life as we know it.
to be too dry for life as we know it.
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Ja sam astrobiolog.
00:30
I'm an astrobiologist.
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00:32
I try to understand
the origin of life on Earth
the origin of life on Earth
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Pokušavam da razumem
poreklo života na Zemlji
poreklo života na Zemlji
i mogućnosti pronalaska života
00:35
and the possibilities of finding life
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drugde u svemiru.
00:37
elsewhere in the universe.
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Ljudi me ponekad pitaju:
00:39
People sometimes ask me,
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00:40
how can you be an astrobiologist
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„Kako možeš biti astrobiolog
ako nemaš svoj lični svemirski brod?“
00:42
if you don't have your own spaceship?
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00:45
Well, what I do is that I study life
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Ja proučavam život
00:47
in those environments on Earth
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u onim sredinama na Zemlji
koje najviše liče na druga
zanimljiva mesta u svemiru.
zanimljiva mesta u svemiru.
00:49
that most closely resemble
other interesting places in the universe.
other interesting places in the universe.
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Sav život na Zemlji zahteva vodu,
00:54
All life on Earth requires water,
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tako da se ja fokusiram na prisnu vezu
00:56
so in my case I focus
on the intimate relationship
on the intimate relationship
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00:59
between water and life
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između vode i života
da bih razumeo
01:00
in order to understand
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da li možemo naći život
na planeti koja je suva koliko i Mars.
na planeti koja je suva koliko i Mars.
01:02
if we could find life
in a planet as dry as Mars.
in a planet as dry as Mars.
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01:06
But since I do not have
the 2.5 billion dollars
the 2.5 billion dollars
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Međutim, pošto nemam
dve i po milijarde dolara
dve i po milijarde dolara
da pošaljem svoj ličnog robota na Mars,
01:10
to send my own robot to Mars,
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ja proučavam mesto
na Zemlji najviše nalik Marsu,
na Zemlji najviše nalik Marsu,
01:12
I study the most Martian place on Earth,
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pustinju Atakama.
01:15
the Atacama Desert.
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01:16
Located in northern Chile,
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Smeštena na severu Čilea,
01:18
it is the oldest
and driest desert on Earth.
and driest desert on Earth.
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to je najstarija i najsuvlja
pustinja na Zemlji.
pustinja na Zemlji.
Da bih vam dao ideju koliko je suva,
01:22
To give you an idea of how dry it is,
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01:24
consider here in Vancouver it rains
over 1,000 millimeters of rain every year.
over 1,000 millimeters of rain every year.
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uzmite u obzir da ovde u Vankuveru padne
preko hiljadu milimetara kiše godišnje.
preko hiljadu milimetara kiše godišnje.
01:29
In the Atacama, there are places
with no reported rains
with no reported rains
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U Atakami postoje mesta
gde kiša nije zabeležena
gde kiša nije zabeležena
u poslednjih 400 godina.
01:33
in the last 400 years.
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01:36
How do I know this?
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Kako ja to znam?
Rođen sam i odrastao u Atakami,
01:38
Well, because I was born
and raised in the Atacama --
and raised in the Atacama --
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(Smeh)
01:42
(Laughter)
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01:43
So I had a unique advantage
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tako da sam imao jedinstvenu prednost
01:45
when I started studying this desert.
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kada sam počeo da proučavam ovu pustinju.
Dozvolite mi da vam dam
nekoliko fantastičnih primera
nekoliko fantastičnih primera
01:48
So let me tell you guys
a few fantastic examples
a few fantastic examples
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01:52
he has found
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koje je on našao
o tome kako se živa bića prilagođavaju
da žive sa skoro nimalo vode.
da žive sa skoro nimalo vode.
01:54
on how life has adapted
to live with almost no water at all.
to live with almost no water at all.
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Jedno od mojih prvih otkrića
je bilo na ulasku u pećinu
je bilo na ulasku u pećinu
01:58
One of my first findings
was in the entrance of a cave
was in the entrance of a cave
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okrenutom ka Tihom okeanu.
02:01
facing the Pacific Ocean.
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02:03
In this place, we reported
a new type of microalgae
a new type of microalgae
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Na ovom mestu, zabeležili smo
novu vrstu mikroalge
novu vrstu mikroalge
koja je rasla samo na vrhu paukovih mreža
koje pokrivaju ulaz u pećinu.
koje pokrivaju ulaz u pećinu.
02:06
that grew only on top of the spiderwebs
that covered the cave entrance.
that covered the cave entrance.
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02:11
Have you ever seen a spiderweb
early in the morning?
early in the morning?
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Da li ste ikada videli
paukovu mrežu rano ujutro?
paukovu mrežu rano ujutro?
02:15
It's covered with dew,
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Prekrivena je rosom,
tako da su ove mikroalge naučile
da, ako žele da obavljaju fotosintezu
da, ako žele da obavljaju fotosintezu
02:16
so this microalgae learned
that in order to carry photosynthesis
that in order to carry photosynthesis
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na obali najsuvlje pustinje na Zemlji,
02:20
in the coast of the driest
desert on Earth,
desert on Earth,
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mogu da koriste paukove mreže.
02:23
they could use the spiderwebs.
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02:24
So here they may access
the water from the fogs
the water from the fogs
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Ovde mogu da koriste vodu iz magle
02:27
that regularly cover
these areas in the morning.
these areas in the morning.
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koja redovno prekriva ove oblasti ujutru.
02:30
In another cave, we found
a different type of microalgae.
a different type of microalgae.
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U drugoj pećini smo pronašli
drugačiju vrstu mikroalgi.
drugačiju vrstu mikroalgi.
02:34
This one is able to use ocean mist
as a source of water,
as a source of water,
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Ova može da koristi izmaglicu
sa okeana kao izvor vode
sa okeana kao izvor vode
i, iznenađujuće, živi na samom dnu pećine,
02:38
and strikingly lives
in the very bottom of a cave,
in the very bottom of a cave,
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tako da se prilagodila
da živi sa manje od 0,1 posto
da živi sa manje od 0,1 posto
02:41
so it has adapted to live
with less than 0.1 percent
with less than 0.1 percent
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od količine svetlosti koja je potrebna
običnim biljkama.
običnim biljkama.
02:44
of the amount of light
that regular plants need.
that regular plants need.
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02:49
These type of findings
suggest to me that on Mars,
suggest to me that on Mars,
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Ove vrste zaključaka mi govore
da na Marsu možda možemo naći
čak i fotosintetski život u pećinama.
čak i fotosintetski život u pećinama.
02:52
we may find even
photosynthetic life inside caves.
photosynthetic life inside caves.
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02:54
And by the way, that's me.
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Inače, ovo sam ja.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:59
Now, for almost 15 years
this region of Yungay, discovered by NASA,
this region of Yungay, discovered by NASA,
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Skoro 15 godina za ovu oblast Đangaja,
koju je otkrila Nasa,
koju je otkrila Nasa,
se mislilo da je
najsuvlje mesto ove pustinje,
najsuvlje mesto ove pustinje,
03:04
was thought to be
the driest place of this desert,
the driest place of this desert,
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ali ja sam znao da nije.
03:07
but I knew that it was not.
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03:09
How? You already know the answer.
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Kako? Već znate odgovor.
Zato što sam rođen
i odrastao u ovoj pustinji,
i odrastao u ovoj pustinji,
03:12
Because I was born
and raised in this desert.
and raised in this desert.
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tako da sam se setio
da obično viđam maglu u Đangaju.
da obično viđam maglu u Đangaju.
03:14
So I remembered that I
usually see fogs in Yungay,
usually see fogs in Yungay,
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03:19
so after setting sensors
in a number of places,
in a number of places,
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Nakon postavljanja senzora na više mesta
gde se sećam da nikada
nisam video maglu ili oblake,
nisam video maglu ili oblake,
03:21
where I remember
never seeing fogs or clouds,
never seeing fogs or clouds,
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prijavio sam četiri druga mesta
mnogo suvlja od Đangaja,
mnogo suvlja od Đangaja,
03:24
I reported four other sites
much drier than Yungay,
much drier than Yungay,
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03:28
with this one, María Elena South,
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uključujući i ovo, Marija Elena južna,
koje je istinski najsuvlje
mesto na Zemlji;
mesto na Zemlji;
03:31
being the truly driest place on Earth,
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03:34
as dry as Mars,
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podjednako suvo kao i Mars
i, iznenađujuće, samo na 15 minuta vožnje
03:36
and amazingly, just a 15-minute ride
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03:38
from the small mining town
where I was born.
where I was born.
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od malog rudarskog mesta gde sam ja rođen.
03:42
Now, in this search, we were trying
to actually find the dry limit
to actually find the dry limit
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U ovom istraživanju pokušavali smo,
u stvari, da nađemo granicu suvoće
u stvari, da nađemo granicu suvoće
za život na Zemlji -
03:45
for life on Earth,
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03:46
a place so dry that nothing
was able to survive in it.
was able to survive in it.
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mesto toliko suvo da ništa ne može
da opstane u njemu.
da opstane u njemu.
03:50
But even here, well hidden underground,
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Ali, čak i ovde,
dobro sakriveno ispod zemlje,
dobro sakriveno ispod zemlje,
našli smo određeni broj
različitih mikroorganizama,
različitih mikroorganizama,
03:53
we found a number
of different microorganisms,
of different microorganisms,
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što meni ukazuje da slična
suva mesta, kao Mars,
suva mesta, kao Mars,
03:55
which suggested to me
that similarly dry places, like Mars,
that similarly dry places, like Mars,
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mogu biti nastanjena.
03:59
may be in inhabited.
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Čak imamo neke preliminarne dokaze
04:01
We even have some preliminary evidences
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da ovi mikroorganizmi mogu
i dalje biti aktivni
i dalje biti aktivni
04:03
that these microorganisms
may still be active
may still be active
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u osušenom stanju,
04:06
in the desiccated state,
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kao mumije koje šetaju svuda oko nas,
04:08
like walking mummies all around us,
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i da možda koriste ultraljubičasto
zračenje kao izvor energije.
zračenje kao izvor energije.
04:12
and that they may be using
UV radiation as a source of energy.
UV radiation as a source of energy.
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Ako se ovo potvrdi, imaće ogroman uticaj
na našu definiciju života,
na našu definiciju života,
04:16
If confirmed, this would have
a huge impact on our definition of life,
a huge impact on our definition of life,
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04:21
on how we look for life
elsewhere in the universe.
elsewhere in the universe.
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na to kako tražimo život drugde u svemiru.
Zbog svog vedrog neba, do 2020. godine,
04:24
Due to its clear skies, by 2020,
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04:27
60 percent of the biggest
telescopes on Earth
telescopes on Earth
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60 posto najvećih teleskopa na Zemlji
će se nalaziti u Atakami,
04:30
will be located in the Atacama,
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04:32
and while everyone else
will be looking among the stars
will be looking among the stars
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i dok će svi ostali gledati među zvezde
da odgovore na pitanje:
„Da li smo sami?“,
„Da li smo sami?“,
04:35
to answer the question, "Are we alone?"
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ja ću gledati dole u zemlju
04:38
I will be looking down to the ground
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tražeći isti odgovor
04:40
searching for this same answer
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04:43
in my own backyard.
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u svom dvorištu.
04:44
Thank you.
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Hvala.
04:46
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Armando Azua-Bustos - AstrobiologistTED Fellow Armando Azua-Bustos studies how microbial life has adapted to survive in the Atacama Desert, the driest place on Earth.
Why you should listen
Astrobiologist Armando Azua-Bustos is the CEO of Atacama Biotech, where he's working to find and characterize species that are able to survive in the extreme conditions imposed by the Atacama Desert in Chile.
In the past few years, a range of different lifeforms have been discovered in the Atacama, showing fascinating adaptations to extremely low water availability, high UV radiation, high salinity and other environmental stresses. For these same reasons, the desert is considered as a good analog model of the planet Mars.
Azua-Bustos is a TED Fellow. He earned a PhD in molecular genetics and microbiology as well as an MSc in biological sciences and an MSc in biochemistry.
Armando Azua-Bustos | Speaker | TED.com