TED2009
Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds
Oliver Sacks: Haluzinazioek gure buruei buruz erakusten digutena
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Oliver Sacks neurologo eta idazleak Charles Bonnet sindromea jartzen du agerian -- ikusmen-gutxiko norbaitek haluzinazioak jasaten dituenean buruz argi egonik. Bere pazienteen esperientziak deskribatzen ditu zehaztasun atsegingarriekin eta orain arte gutxi tratatutako fenomeno horren biologian zehar eramaten gaitu.
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We see with the eyes,
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Begiekin ikusten dugu
00:15
but we see with the brain as well.
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baina garunarekin ere ikusten dugu.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
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Eta garunarekin ikusteari irudimena deitzen zaio.
00:22
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
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Ondo ezagutzen ditugu gure irudimenaren paisaiak,
00:27
our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives.
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barne paisaiak. Bizitza osoa daramagu elkarrekin.
00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well,
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Baina badira haluzinazioak ere,
00:35
and hallucinations are completely different.
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eta haluzinazioak guztiz desberdinak dira.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
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Ez dirudite guk sortutakoak.
00:40
They don't seem to be under our control.
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Ez dirudite gure kontrolpekoak.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside,
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Kanpotik datozela ematen du,
00:44
and to mimic perception.
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eta pertzepzioa imitatzen dutela.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations,
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Beraz, haluzinazioei buruz arituko naiz
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination
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eta baita ikusmen-haluzinazio mota berezi bati buruz ere,
00:55
which I see among my patients.
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nire pazienteengan ikusten dudana.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call
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Orain dela hilabete batzuk dei bat jaso nuen
01:04
from a nursing home where I work.
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lan egiten dudan zahar-etxe batetik.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
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Esan zidaten bertako zahar batek, 90 urteko andrea batek,
01:11
was seeing things,
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gauzak ikusten zituela
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
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eta burua galdu zuela uste zutela
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
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edo, adineko andrea zenez,
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
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beharbada apoplexia jasan zuela edo Alzheimerra izango zela.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
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Beraz, bertara joatea eta Rosalie ikustea eskatu zidaten,
01:26
the old lady.
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Rosalie, adineko andrea.
01:28
I went in to see her.
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Bera ikustera joan nintzen.
01:30
It was evident straight away
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Berehala ikusi nuen
01:32
that she was perfectly sane
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osasun oneko pertsona zela,
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
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zuhurra eta inteligentzia finekoa,
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
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baina guztiz izututa eta zurtuta zegoen
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
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gauzak ikusten zituelako.
01:45
And she told me --
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Eta esan zidan
01:48
the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
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(erizainek ez zuten hori aipatu)
01:50
that she was blind,
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itsua zela,
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
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azkenengo bost urteotan ikusmena guztiz galdu zuela, makula degenerazioa pairatu zuela eta.
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
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Baina orain, azken egunotan, gauzak ikusten zituen.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
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Esan nion: "Zer nolako gauzak?"
02:03
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
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Erantzun zidan: "Ekialdeko arropaz jantzitako jendea,
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
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jantzietan, eskaileretan gora eta behera.
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles.
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Gizon bat, nigana biratu eta irri egiten didana.
02:13
But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
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Ahoaren alde batean hortz itzelak ditu.
02:17
Animals too.
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Animaliak ere bai.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
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Etxe zuri bat ikusten dut. Elurra ari du, elur leuna.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
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Arnesdun zaldia ikusten dut, elurra arrastatzen.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
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Orduan, gau batean, eszena aldatzen da.
02:31
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
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Nigana datozen katuak eta txakurrak ikusten ditut.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
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Puntu batera heltzerakoan, gelditu egiten dira.
02:36
Then it changes again.
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Orduan, berriz ere aldatzen da.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They are walking up and down stairs.
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Ume pila ikusten dut. Eskaileretan gora eta behera doaz.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
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Kolore biziez jantzita daude, arrosa eta urdina,
02:44
like Eastern dress."
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ekialdeko arropen antzera".
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
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Batzuetan, zioen, jendea heldu baino lehen
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
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haluzinazioetan karratu arrosa eta urdinak ikusten zituen lurrean
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
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sabairano heltzen zirela ziruditenak.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
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Esan nion: "Amets baten modukoa da?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
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Eta andreak: "Ez, ez da ametsetan bezala. Film baten antzerakoa da"
03:04
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
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Esan zuen: "Kolorea eta mugimendua ditu.
03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
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Baina guztiz isila da, film mutuen antzerakoa".
03:11
And she said that it's a rather boring movie.
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Film oso aspergarria zela zioen.
03:13
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
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Esan zuen: "Ekialdeko arropa zeraman jende hau guztia
03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
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gora eta behera zebilela, behin eta berriro errepikatzen zen, oso pobrea zen".
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
03:23
And she has a sense of humor.
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Andreak umore-sena du.
03:25
She knew it was a hallucination.
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Bazekien haluzinazioa zela.
03:27
But she was frightened. She'd lived 95 years
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Baina beldur zen. 95 urtez bizi izan zen
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
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eta ordura arte ez zuen inoiz haluzinaziorik izan.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated
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Esan zuen haluzinazioek ez zutela zerikusirik
03:35
to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing,
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pentsatzen, sentitzen edo egiten ari zenarekin,
03:39
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
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berez agertu eta desagertzen zirela.
03:43
She had no control over them.
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Ez zituen inolaz ere kontrolatzen.
03:45
She said she didn't recognize
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Esan zuen ez zituela ezagutzen
03:47
any of the people or places
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haluzinazioetan agerturiko
03:49
in the hallucinations.
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pertsonak edo lekuak.
03:51
And none of the people or the animals,
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Halaber, pertsona eta animaliak
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
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ez ziren beraz ohartzen.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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Ez zekien zer ari zen gertatzen.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad
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Zoratzen ari zela uste zuen
04:01
or losing her mind.
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edo burua galtzen.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
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Ondo aztertu nuen andrea.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
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Adineko andre bizkorra zen,
04:07
perfectly sane. She had no medical problems.
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bere senean. Ez zuen inolako osasun arazorik.
04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
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Ez zuen haluzinazioak eragin ahal zituen botikarik hartzen.
04:15
But she was blind.
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Baina itsua zen.
04:17
And I then said to her,
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Eta esan nion:
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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"Uste dut badakidala zer gertatzen zaizun".
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
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Bada ikusmen-haluzinazio forma berezi bat
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
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itsutasun edo ikusmen arazoekin etorri ahal dena.
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
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XVIII. mendean lehenegoz
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
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deskribatu zena,
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
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Charles Bonnet-en eskutik.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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Zuk Charles Bonnet sindromea daukazu.
04:40
There is nothing wrong with your brain. There is nothing wrong with your mind.
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Ez da zure garunean edo zure buruan ezer gertatzen ari.
04:42
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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Zuk Charles Bonnet sindromea daukazu".
04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
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Asko lasaitu zen orduan,
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
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gertatzen ari zitzaiona larria ez zelako,
04:52
and also rather curious.
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bitxia baizik.
04:55
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
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Galdetu zuen: "Nor da Charles Bonnet hori?
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
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Berak ere haluzinazioak izan al zituen?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses
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Esan zuen: "Esaiezu erizainei
05:03
that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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Charles Bonnet sindromea dudala".
05:06
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
05:08
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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"Ez nago zoratuta, ez nago demente. Charles Bonnet sindromea dut".
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nurses.
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Tira, erizainei esan nien.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
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Zera, hau, niretzako eguneroko kontua da.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
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Batik bat zahar-etxeetan aritzen naiz.
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
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Adineko jende asko ikusten dut
05:21
who are hearing impaired or visually impaired.
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entzumen edo ikusmen arazoak ditzutenak.
05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people
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Entzumen urrikoen %10k
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
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musika-haluzinazioak izaten ditu.
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
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Eta ikusmen urriko jendearen %10k
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
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ikusmen-haluzinazioak izaten ditu.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
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Ez gara guztiz itsu izan behar;
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
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ikusmen urrikoa izatea nahikoa da.
05:39
Now with the original description in the 18th century,
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Baina XVIII. mendeko deskribapenari dagokionez,
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
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Charles Bonnetek ez zuen horrelakorik izan.
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
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Bere aitonak izan zituen haluzinazioak.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
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Aitona epailea zen, adineko gizona.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
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Kataraten ebakuntza izan zuen.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
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Bere ikusmena nahiko urria zen.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
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Eta 1759an, bere ilobari deskribatu zizkion
06:01
various things he was seeing.
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ikusten zituen hainbat gauza.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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Esan zuen lehengo gauza
06:05
a handkerchief in midair.
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airean sudur-zapi bat ikusten zuela izan zen.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief
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Sudur-zapi handia eta urdina zen
06:09
with four orange circles.
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lau zirkulu laranja zituena.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
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Bazekien haluzinazioa zela.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
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Ez dago sudur-zapirik airean.
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
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Gero, gurpil handi bat ikusi zuen airean.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
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Baina batzuetan ez zekien haluzinazioak ziren ala ez,
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit
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haluzinazioak ondo egokitzen zirelako
06:27
in the context of the visions.
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ikusten zuenaren kontestuan.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
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Behin, bere ilobak bera ikustera etorri ziren
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
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eta esan zien:" Nortzuk dira zurekin datozen mutil goapo hauek?"
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
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Eta ilobek :"Tamalez, ez dago inolako mutil goaporik, aitona."
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
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Orduan mutil goapoak desagertu egin ziren.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
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Normala da haluzinazio horietan
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
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une batez agertuetzea eta hurrengoan desagertzea.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
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Ez dira normalean pixkanaka agertzen eta desagertzen.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
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Bat-batekoak dira, eta bat-batean aldatzen dira.
06:56
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
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Charles Lullinek, aitonak,
06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
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ehunka irudi ezberdin ikusi zituen,
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
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mota guztietako paisaiak.
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
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Behin, gizon bat ikusi zuen bainu-batan pipa erretzen
07:08
and realized it was himself.
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eta bera zela konturatu zen.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
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Hori izan zen ezagutu zuen irudi bakarra.
07:14
On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
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Behin, Parisen zehar zihoala
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
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aldamioa ikusi zuen (egiazkoa zen).
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding
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Baina etxera bueltatzean, aldamio-miniatura ikusi zuen
07:24
six inches high, on his study table.
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15 zentimetroko altuerakoa, idazmahaiaren gainean.
07:28
This repetition of perception
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Pertzepzioaren errepikapen horri
07:31
is sometimes called palinopsia.
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palipnosia deitzen zaio batzuetan.
07:33
With him and with Rosalie,
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Berari eta Rosalieri
07:38
what seems to be going on --
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gertatzen zitzaiena.
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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Eta Rosaliek esan zuen: Zer gertatzen ari da?
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
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esan nion ikusmena galtzean,
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
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burmuinean ikusmenaren atalakinolako input-ik jasotzen ez dutenez
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
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hiperaktibo eta kitzikakor egiten direla,
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
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eta berez jartzen direla abian.
07:53
And you start to see things.
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Eta gauzak ikusten hasten zara.
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
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Ikusten dituzun gauzak konplikatuak izan daitezke benetan.
07:59
With another patient of mine,
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Nire beste paziente baten kasuan,
08:03
who, also had some vision,
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zertxobait ikusi ahal zuena ere,
08:05
the vision she had could be disturbing.
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irudipenak kezkagarriak izan zitekeen.
08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw
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Behin, esan zuen
08:12
a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
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marradun alkandora zeraman gizon bat jatetxe baten ikusi zuela.
08:15
And he turned around. And then
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Buelta eman zuen. Eta orduan
08:17
he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
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marradun alkandora zeramaten sei gizonetan bihurtu zen
08:20
who started walking towards her.
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eta seiak beregana ibiltzen hasi ziren.
08:23
And then the six figures came together again, like a concertina.
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Gero sei gizonak berriz elkartu ziren, akordeoiaren eran.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
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Behin, autoa gidatzen ari zela,
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
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hobeto esanda, senarra gidatzen ari zela,
08:30
the road divided into four
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bidea lau zatitan banatu zen
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
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eta lau bideetan zehar aldi berean zihoala sentitu zuen.
08:36
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
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Haluzinazio oso mugikorrak izaten zituen ere.
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
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Askok autoekin zerikusia zuten.
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy
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Batzuetan mutil gazte bat ikusten zuen
08:46
sitting on the hood of the car.
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autoaren kapotaren gainean eserita.
08:49
He was very tenacious and he moved rather gracefully
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Nekaezina zen eta sotilki mugitzen zen
08:51
when the car turned.
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autoa biratu zenean.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
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Eta gelditu zirenean
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
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mutilak 30 metroko jauzia egin zuen bat-batean airean gora
08:59
and then disappear.
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eta desagertu zen.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
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Beste paziente batek beste haluzinazio mota bat zuen.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes,
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Andre honek ez zuen begietan arazorik,
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
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baina bai garunaren ikusmenaren atalean,
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
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tumore txiki bat kortex okzipitalean baitzeukan.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
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Marrazki bizidunak ikusten zituen batez ere.
09:20
These cartoons would be transparent
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Marrazki hauek gardenak izan ziren
09:25
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
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eta ikus-eremuaren erdia hartzen zuten, pantaila baten antzera.
09:28
And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
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Gustavo igelaren marrazkiak ikusten zituen batez ere.
09:34
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
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Nik ez dut "Sesamo kalea" ikusten,
09:38
but she made a point of saying,
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baina berak hura azpimarratu zuen:
09:41
"Why Kermit?" She said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.
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"Zergatik Gustavo? Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak".
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants.
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Ni Freudiar eragileei buruz hausnartzen hasi nintzen.
09:48
Why Kermit?
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Zer dela eta Gustavo?
09:50
Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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"Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak".
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
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Marrazkiek ez zuten gehiegi kezkatzen.
09:54
But what did disturb her was she got very persistent
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Kezkatzen zuena, askotan
09:58
images or hallucinations of faces
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irudi edo aurpegien haluzinazioak ikusten zituela izan zen
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
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eta Rosalien antzera, aurpegiak askotan deformatuta zeuden,
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
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hortz edo begi handiekin.
10:08
And these frightened her.
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Eta horrek beldurtzen zuen.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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Zer gertatzen ari zaio jende honi?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on,
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Medikua naizenez gero, gertatzen dena frogatu eta zehaztu behar dut
10:18
and to reassure people,
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eta gaixoak lasaitu behar ditut,
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
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burua galtzen ez daudela azalduz batez ere.
10:24
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
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Ikusmen urrikoen %10k
10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
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haluzinazioak izaten ditu.
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
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Baina %1ek baino ez ditu aitortzen
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
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burutik jota daudela esango dutelaren beldur.
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors
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Eta euren medikuei haluzinazioak aipatuz gero
10:39
they may be misdiagnosed.
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diagnostiko okerra jaso ahal dute.
10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see
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Normalean, uste dugu zoratzen ari garela
10:44
things or hear things, you're going mad,
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gauzak ikusten edo entzuten baditugu.
10:47
but the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
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Baina haluzinazio psikotikoak oso bestelakoak dira.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
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Haluzinazio psikotikoek, ikusmenezkoak edo ahozkoak,
10:53
they address you. They accuse you.
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zuri egiten dizute hitz, zalatzen zaituzte.
10:55
They seduce you. They humiliate you.
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Zu limurtzen zaituzte, umiliatu.
10:57
They jeer at you.
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Burla egiten dizute.
11:00
You interact with them.
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Elkarri eragiten diozue.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
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Arazo horietako batek ere ez du zerikusirik
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
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Charles Bonnet haluzinazioekin.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you,
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Film bat dago. Zurekin zerikusirik ez duen film bat ikusten zaude
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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edo horrela uste du jendeak.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
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Bada beste gauza arraro bat, lobulu tenporaleko epilepsia deritzona,
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
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eta batzuetan, hau jasanez gero,
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back
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norberak bere burua ikusten du
11:24
to a time and place in the past.
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iraganeko leku batean.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
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Bidegurutze jakin batean zaude.
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
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Gaztaina erreen usaina etortzen zaizu.
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
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Trafikoa entzuten duzu. Zentzu guztiak daude lanean.
11:34
And you're waiting for your girl.
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Zure neskaren zain zaude.
11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
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1982 urteko astearte gaua da.
11:40
And the temporal lobe hallucinations
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Eta lobulu tenporaleko haluzinazioak
11:42
are all-sense hallucinations,
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zentzumen guztien haluzinazioak dira,
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
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sentsazioz eta gauza ezagunez beteak,
11:47
located in space and time,
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espazioan eta denboran kokatuak,
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
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koherenteak, dramatikoak.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
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Charles Bonnet haluzinazioak oso desberdinak dira.
11:54
So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,
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Charles Bonnet haluzinazioetan
11:58
you have all sorts of levels,
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mota guztietako mailak daude,
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
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haluzinazio geometrikoetatik
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
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(andre haren karratu arrosa eta urdinak)
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
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haluzinazio konplexuetaraino,
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
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zenbakiz eta bereziki aurpegiz beteta.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
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Aurpegiak, deformatuak batzuetan,
12:15
are the single commonest thing
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haluzinazio horien
12:18
in these hallucinations.
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ohiko gauza bakarrak dira.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
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Maiz agertzen den bigarren gauza marrazki bizidunak dira.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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Zer gertatzen ari da?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
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Modu liluragarrian, azken urteotan
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
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garunaren funtzionamenduaren irudiak egitea posiblea izan da,
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating.
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haluzinazioak gertatzen diren bitartean erresonantzia magnetiko funtzionalak egitea.
12:36
And in fact, to find that different parts
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Halaber, garunaren ikusmen-gune desberdinak
12:40
of the visual brain are activated
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aktibatzen direla aurkitu da,
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
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haluzinazioak izaten ditzuten uneetan.
12:45
When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations,
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Jendeak haluzinazio geometriko sinple hauek dituenean,
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
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ikusmen-kortex primarioa aktibatzen da.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
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Hau da ertzak eta diseinuak hautematen dituen garunaren zatia.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
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Ikusmen-kortex primarioan ez dira irudiak eratzen.
12:59
When images are formed,
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Irudiak eratzen direnean,
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex
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ikusmen-kortexaren goragoko zati bat
13:04
is involved in the temporal lobe.
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jarduten da lobulu tenporalean.
13:06
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
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Bereziki, lobulu tenporaleko eremu bat
13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
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zirkunboluzio fusiformea deritzona.
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
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Ezaguna da norbaitek zirkunboluzio fusiformean kalterik izanez gero
13:17
they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces.
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aurpegiak ezagutzeko gaitasuna gal dezakeela.
13:21
But if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
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Baina zirkunboluzio fusiformean ezohizko aktibitatea egonez gero,
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
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aurpegien haluzinazioak izan ditzakeela
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
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eta hori da zehazki jende horrengan batzuetan aurkitzen duguna.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
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Zirkunboluzio honen aurreko zatian bada eremu bat
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
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zeinetan hortzak eta begiak irudikatzen diren,
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
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eta zirkunboluzioaren zati hori aktibatzen da
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
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jendeak haluzinazio deformatuak dituenean.
13:46
There is another part of the brain
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Bada garunaren beste zati bat
13:48
which is especially activated
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bereziki aktibatzen dena
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
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norbaitek marrazki bizidunak ikusten dituenean.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
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Marrazkiak igartzean aktibatzen da,
13:55
when one draws cartoons, and when one hallucinates them.
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marrazkiak marraztean eta marrazkiekin haluzinazioak izatean.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
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Oso interesgarria da hori hain zehatza izatea.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
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Badira garunaren beste zati batzuk bereziki jarduten direnak
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination
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eraikin eta paisaien
14:07
of buildings and landscapes.
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ezagupen eta haluzinazioekin.
14:10
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
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1970 inguruan aurkitu zen ez zeudela bakarrik garunaren zatiak,
14:13
but particular cells.
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baizik eta zelula bereziak ere.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
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"Aurpegien zelulak" 1970. urtean aurkitu zituzten.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other
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Gaur egun badakigu ehunka zelula mota
14:22
sorts of cells,
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desberdin dagoela,
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
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oso zehatzak izan daitezkeenak.
14:26
So you may not only have
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Beraz, izan ditzakezu
14:28
"car" cells,
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"auto" zelulez gain
14:30
you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
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"Aston Martin" zelulak ere.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning.
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Aston Martin bat ikusi dut gaur goizean.
14:37
I had to bring it in.
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Hitzaldian aipatu behar nuen.
14:39
And now it's in there somewhere.
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Eta orain hemen dago nonbait.
14:42
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
14:45
Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
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Maila honetan, azpiko kortex tenporala deritzon eremuan,
14:49
there are only visual images,
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ikuste-irudiak daude bakarrik,
14:52
or figments or fragments.
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edo irudipenak edo pusketak.
14:55
It's only at higher levels
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Goragoko mailetan bakarrik
14:58
that the other senses join in
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elkartzen dira beste zentzumenak
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
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eta konexioak daude memoria eta emozioarekin.
15:02
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
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Charles Bonnet sindromean
15:05
you don't go to those higher levels.
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ez zara goragoko mailetara heltzen.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex
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Azpiko ikusmen-kortex honetan zaude
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
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eta hor milaka eta ehun milaka
15:12
and millions of images,
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eta milioika irudi dituzu,
15:15
or figments, or fragmentary figments,
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edo irudipenak edo irudipen pusketak,
15:17
all neurally encoded
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denak neuronen mailan kodetuta
15:19
in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
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zelula berezietan edo zelula talde txikietan.
15:23
Normally these are all part of
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Normalean hauek
15:26
the integrated stream of perception, or imagination,
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pertzepzioaren korronte integratuaren edo irudimenaren parte dira,
15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
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eta norbera ez da horietaz ohartzen.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
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Ikusmen-urriko edo itsua zarenean bakarrik
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
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mozten da prozesua.
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
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Eta ohizko pertzepzioa izan beharrean,
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
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azpiko kortex tenporaleko
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
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ikusmen-zelula hauen
15:47
of all of these visual cells
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askapen edo estimulazio anarkikoa
15:49
in the inferotemporal cortex.
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daukazu.
15:51
So, suddenly you see a face. Suddenly you see a car.
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Beraz, bat-batean aurpegi bat ikusten duzu. Gero auto bat ikusten duzu.
15:54
Suddenly this, and suddenly that.
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Orain hau, gero beste hura.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
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Burua ahalegintzen da hau antolatzen
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
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eta honi koherentzia pixka bat ematen,
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
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baina ez du ondoegi lortzen.
16:04
When these were first described,
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Haluzinazioak lehengoz deskribatu zirenean
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
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ametsen moduan interpretatu liratekeela uste izan zuten.
16:10
But in fact people say,
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Baina jendeak esaten zuena izan zen:
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations."
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"Ez dut jendea hau ezagutzen. Ezin dut inolako asoziaziorik egin".
16:15
"Kermit means nothing to me."
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"Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak".
16:18
You don't get anywhere thinking of them as dreams.
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Amets gisa ikusten badituzu ez zara inora heltzen.
16:23
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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Tira, esan dut esan nahi nuena.
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate
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Laburbilduz esan nahi nuke
16:31
and say this is common.
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hau arrunta dela.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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Pentsa zenbat itsu dagoen.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
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Ehun milaka itsu egon behar dute
16:37
who have these hallucinations,
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haluzinazio hauek dituztenak,
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
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baina aipatzeko beldurra dutenak.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into
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Honelako gauzak jakitera eman behar dira
16:44
notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public.
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pazienteentzat, medikuentzat, jendearentzat.
16:50
Finally, I think they are
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Amaitzeko, uste dut
16:52
infinitely interesting and valuable,
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infinituki interesgarri eta baliotsuak direla,
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
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buruaren funtzionamenduari buruzkoideia batzuk ematen dituztelako.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
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Charles Bonnetek esan zuen duela 250 urte,
17:02
he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations,
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bere buruari galdetu ziola, haluzinazio horietaz hausnartuz,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
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nola, buruaren teatroa, bere hitzetan,
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
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sortu ahal zuen burmuinaren makineriak.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
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Orain, 250 urte geroago,
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
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nola egiten den sumatzen hasi garela uste dut.
17:18
Thanks very much.
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Eskerrik asko.
17:20
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
17:23
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
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Chris Anderson: Zoragarria izan da. Eskerrik asko.
17:26
You speak about these things with so much insight
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Gauza hauetaz zorroztasun handiz
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
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eta zure gaixoenganako enpatiaz aritzen zara.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
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Jasan izan duzu deskribatu duzun sindrome horietarikoren bat?
17:36
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
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Oliver Sacks: Hori galdetuko zenuenaren beldur nintzen.
17:38
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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Tira, bai, horietako asko.
17:42
And actually I'm a little visually impaired myself.
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Egiaz ni neu ikusmen urrikoa naiz.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly good in the other.
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Ez dut begi batetik ikusten,eta bestea ez dago oso ondo.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
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Eta haluzinazio geometrikoak ikusten ditut.
17:52
But they stop there.
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Baina hor gelditzen dira.
17:54
CA: And they don't disturb you?
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CA: Eta ez zaituzte kezkatzen?
17:56
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
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Gertatzen ari dena ulertzen duzunez, ez zaituzte kezkatzen?
17:58
OS: Well they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
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OS: Ez naute nire akufenoak baino gehiago molestatzen,
18:02
which I ignore.
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kontutan hartzen ez ditudanak.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
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Noizean behin interesatzen naute
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
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eta nire koadernoetan horien irudi asko dago.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
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Erresonantzia magnetiko funtzionala egin didate
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is taking over.
369
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nire ikusmen-kortexanola nola moldatzen den ikusteko.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
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Eta hexagono guzti horiek ikusten ditudanean
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
371
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eta beste gauza konplexuak, ikusten ditudanak ere,
18:22
in visual migraine,
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ikusmen-migrainian,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this,
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jakin nahiko nuke jendeak horrelako gauzak ikusten dituen
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
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eta kobazuloetako artea edo ornamentazio-artea
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
375
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nolabait euretatik etorri diren.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
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CA: Hitzaldi erabat zoragarria izan da benetan.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
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Eskerrik asko hitzaldia emateagatik.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
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Eskerrik asko.
18:38
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologistSince "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.
Why you should listen
Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.
Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as Hallucinations, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, An Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.
Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com