ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.

Why you should listen

Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.

Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as HallucinationsThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a HatAn Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.

Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>

More profile about the speaker
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds

奥利弗·萨克斯:幻觉背后的心智

Filmed:
8,482,258 views

奥利弗·萨克斯是一位神经学家和作家。他将带我们认识邦纳症候群,也就是视力受损的人产生鲜明幻觉。他用温馨的细节描述了病人的经历,并以这样的叙述让我们了解这种鲜少被报道的现象背后的生理原理。
- Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
We see with the eyes眼睛,
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我们用眼睛看世界
00:15
but we see with the brain as well.
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但我们也用大脑看
00:18
And seeing眼看 with the brain is often经常 called imagination想像力.
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用大脑来看,也就是我们常说的想象
00:22
And we are familiar with the landscapes景观 of our own拥有 imagination想像力,
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我们很熟悉自己想象的模式
00:27
our inscapes构成要素. We've我们已经 lived生活 with them all our lives生活.
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也就是内心世界,它伴随我们一生
00:31
But there are also hallucinations幻觉 as well,
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然而想象之外还有幻觉
00:35
and hallucinations幻觉 are completely全然 different不同.
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幻觉跟想象截然不同
00:38
They don't seem似乎 to be of our creation创建.
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它似乎不是我们所创造的
00:40
They don't seem似乎 to be under our control控制.
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好像也不受我们的控制
00:42
They seem似乎 to come from the outside,
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它似乎源自外界
00:44
and to mimic模仿者 perception知觉.
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又伪装成我们自己的感知
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations幻觉,
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所以我将就幻觉做一些解释
00:51
and a particular特定 sort分类 of visual视觉 hallucination幻觉
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也会提到我在病人身上观察到的
00:55
which哪一个 I see among其中 my patients耐心.
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一种特殊的视觉幻觉
01:00
A few少数 months个月 ago, I got a phone电话 call
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几个月前我接到从我工作的养老院
01:04
from a nursing看护 home where I work.
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打来的一个电话
01:06
They told me that one of their residents居民, an old lady淑女 in her 90s,
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他们告诉我住客中有一位90多的老太太
01:11
was seeing眼看 things,
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“看到了一些东西”
01:13
and they wondered想知道 if she'd gone走了 bonkers疯狂的
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他们怀疑她是不是疯了
01:16
or, because she was an old lady淑女,
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或者因为年纪大
01:18
whether是否 she'd had a stroke行程, or whether是否 she had Alzheimer's老年痴呆症.
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得了中风,或是老年痴呆症
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie罗莎莉,
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所以他们请我去看看罗萨莉
01:26
the old lady淑女.
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也就是那个老太太
01:28
I went in to see her.
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我去了后
01:30
It was evident明显 straight直行 away
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马上就发现
01:32
that she was perfectly完美 sane明智的
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她不仅完全神志正常
01:35
and lucid清醒 and of good intelligence情报,
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还非常清醒、明智
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered不知所措,
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就是有点吓坏了,还有点奇怪
01:42
because she'd been seeing眼看 things.
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为什么她会出现幻视
01:45
And she told me --
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她还说
01:48
the nurses护士 hadn't有没有 mentioned提到 this --
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护士忘了告诉我
01:50
that she was blind,
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她眼睛是看不见的
01:52
that she had been completely全然 blind from macular黄斑 degeneration退化 for five years年份.
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她五年前就因为视网膜黄斑退化而完全失明了
01:57
But now, for the last few少数 days, she'd been seeing眼看 things.
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近几天却看到了幻象
02:00
So I said, "What sort分类 of things?"
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我问:“什么样的幻象?”
02:03
And she said, "People in Eastern dress连衣裙,
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她说:“许多人穿着东方服饰
02:06
in drapes窗帘, walking步行 up and down stairs楼梯.
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那种长袍式的,在楼梯上上下下
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles笑容.
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一个男的转过来对我笑
02:13
But he has huge巨大 teeth on one side of his mouth.
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但他的嘴巴只有一边长着牙,很大的牙
02:17
Animals动物 too.
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还有很多动物
02:19
I see a white白色 building建造. It's snowing下雪, a soft柔软的 snow.
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有一栋白色的楼,天在下雪,小雪
02:22
I see this horse with a harness马具, dragging拖延 the snow away.
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我还看到一匹戴着挽具的马不断把雪拖走
02:27
Then, one night, the scene现场 changes变化.
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然后有一天晚上,幻象变了
02:31
I see cats and dogs小狗 walking步行 towards me.
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变成好多猫和狗朝我这边走
02:33
They come to a certain某些 point and then stop.
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走着走着就停了
02:36
Then it changes变化 again.
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然后又变了
02:38
I see a lot of children孩子. They are walking步行 up and down stairs楼梯.
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这回我看到很多小朋友在楼梯上爬上爬下
02:41
They wear穿 bright colors颜色, rose玫瑰 and blue蓝色,
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他们穿着颜色鲜艳的衣服,有玫瑰色,有蓝色
02:44
like Eastern dress连衣裙."
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就像东方服饰。”
02:47
Sometimes有时, she said, before the people come on,
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她说,有时候在她看到人之前
02:50
she may可能 hallucinate产生幻觉 pink and blue蓝色 squares广场 on the floor地板,
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她还能看到地板上粉色和蓝色的方块
02:54
which哪一个 seem似乎 to go up to the ceiling天花板.
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跑到天花板上
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream梦想?"
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我问:“像不像做梦?”
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream梦想. It's like a movie电影."
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她说:“不,不像梦。像个电影。”
03:04
She said, "It's got color颜色. It's got motion运动.
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“它是有颜色的,还有动作
03:07
But it's completely全然 silent无声, like a silent无声 movie电影."
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不过一点声音都没有,像默片。”
03:11
And she said that it's a rather boring无聊 movie电影.
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她还说那电影相当无聊
03:13
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress连衣裙,
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她说:“所有人都穿着东方衣服
03:16
walking步行 up and down, very repetitive重复, very limited有限."
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爬上爬下,不停地,一点别的花样都没有。”
03:21
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:23
And she has a sense of humor幽默.
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她很幽默
03:25
She knew知道 it was a hallucination幻觉.
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而且知道那是个幻觉
03:27
But she was frightened受惊. She'd lived生活 95 years年份
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但她有点害怕,因为她活了95年
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination幻觉 before.
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从来没有出现过幻觉
03:32
She said that the hallucinations幻觉 were unrelated无关
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她说那些幻觉跟她的意识和行为
03:35
to anything she was thinking思维 or feeling感觉 or doing,
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一点都不相干
03:39
that they seemed似乎 to come on by themselves他们自己, or disappear消失.
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总是这么无缘无故地出现,又无缘无故地消失
03:43
She had no control控制 over them.
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完全不受她控制
03:45
She said she didn't recognize认识
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而幻觉中出现的
03:47
any of the people or places地方
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人和地点
03:49
in the hallucinations幻觉.
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她一个都不认识
03:51
And none没有 of the people or the animals动物,
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里面的人和动物
03:53
well, they all seemed似乎 oblivious浑然不觉 of her.
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也好像看不见她
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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她不知道这是这么了
03:59
She wondered想知道 if she was going mad
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她想,她是疯了
04:01
or losing失去 her mind心神.
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还是在失去理智
04:03
Well, I examined检查 her carefully小心.
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于是我为这个活泼的老太太
04:05
She was a bright old lady淑女,
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做了详尽的检查
04:07
perfectly完美 sane明智的. She had no medical problems问题.
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结果发现她的神智完全正常,没有精神问题
04:11
She wasn't on any medications药物治疗 which哪一个 could produce生产 hallucinations幻觉.
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她所吃的药也都没有致幻的副作用
04:15
But she was blind.
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不过,她是盲的
04:17
And I then said to her,
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所以我说:
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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“我想我知道你的问题是什么了。
04:21
I said, "There is a special特别 form形成 of visual视觉 hallucination幻觉
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有一种特殊的视觉幻觉
04:25
which哪一个 may可能 go with deteriorating恶化 vision视力 or blindness失明.
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会发生在视力受损或完全失明的人身上
04:29
This was originally本来 described描述," I said,
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这种现象
04:32
"right back in the 18th century世纪,
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最早在18世纪
04:34
by a man called Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特.
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被一个叫查尔斯·邦纳的人描述过
04:37
And you have Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 syndrome综合征.
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你得的就是邦纳症候群(Charles Bonnet syndrome)
04:40
There is nothing wrong错误 with your brain. There is nothing wrong错误 with your mind心神.
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问题既不在你的大脑,也不在你的意识
04:42
You have Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 syndrome综合征."
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你只是得了这种邦纳症候群。”
04:45
And she was very relieved安心 at this,
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她大松一口气
04:48
that there was nothing seriously认真地 the matter,
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还好不是什么重病
04:52
and also rather curious好奇.
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完了还相当好奇
04:55
She said, "Who is this Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特?"
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她问:“这个查尔斯
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself他自己?"
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他也有这种幻觉吗?
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses护士
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还有,告诉那些护工,
05:03
that I have Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 syndrome综合征."
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我只不过是得了邦纳症候群。“
05:06
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:08
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented发狂. I have Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 syndrome综合征."
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“我没疯,也没傻,我只是得了邦纳症候群。”
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nurses护士.
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于是我照她的意思告诉了护工们
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common共同 situation情况.
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其实这种现象对我来说并不稀奇
05:17
I work in old-age老年 homes家园, largely大部分.
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我在养老院工作
05:19
I see a lot of elderly老年 people
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认识很多老人
05:21
who are hearing听力 impaired受损 or visually视觉 impaired受损.
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是听力或视力受损的
05:25
About 10 percent百分 of the hearing听力 impaired受损 people
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10%的听力受损者
05:27
get musical音乐 hallucinations幻觉.
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有听觉幻觉
05:30
And about 10 percent百分 of the visually视觉 impaired受损 people
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10%的视力受损者
05:33
get visual视觉 hallucinations幻觉.
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有视觉幻觉
05:35
You don't have to be completely全然 blind,
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不一定要完全失明
05:37
only sufficiently充分地 impaired受损.
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或完全听不到,才会有这种幻觉
05:39
Now with the original原版的 description描述 in the 18th century世纪,
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18世纪的查尔斯·邦纳
05:43
Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 did not have them.
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其实并没有这种症状
05:45
His grandfather祖父 had these hallucinations幻觉.
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产生幻觉的是他的祖父
05:48
His grandfather祖父 was a magistrate法官, an elderly老年 man.
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一位年长的长官
05:51
He'd他会 had cataract白内障 surgery手术.
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这个长官曾接受过白内障手术
05:54
His vision视力 was pretty漂亮 poor较差的.
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视力不大好
05:56
And in 1759, he described描述 to his grandson孙子
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1759年,他向孙子描述了
06:01
various各个 things he was seeing眼看.
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他看到的各种各样的幻象
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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第一个幻象
06:05
a handkerchief手帕 in midair半空中.
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是一块悬浮在空中的手帕
06:07
It was a large blue蓝色 handkerchief手帕
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大大的,蓝色的
06:09
with four orange橙子 circles.
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还有四个橙色的圆圈
06:11
And he knew知道 it was a hallucination幻觉.
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他知道这是个幻觉
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs手帕 in midair半空中.
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因为手帕不会浮在半空
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair半空中.
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他还看到过一个大轮子浮在空中
06:20
But sometimes有时 he wasn't sure whether是否 he was hallucinating幻觉 or not,
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不过有时候他也搞不清楚看到的到底是不是幻觉
06:25
because the hallucinations幻觉 would fit适合
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因为这些幻觉
06:27
in the context上下文 of the visions愿景.
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会融合在现实的背景里
06:29
So on one occasion场合, when his granddaughters孙女 were visiting访问 them,
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有一次,当他的孙女们来探望他时,他又看到了幻觉
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsome英俊 young年轻 men男人 with you?"
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他问:“这几个跟你们在一起的帅小伙子是谁啊?”
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa爷爷, there are no handsome英俊 young年轻 men男人."
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孙女们却说:“诶,爷爷,没有你说的帅小伙啊。”
06:41
And then the handsome英俊 young年轻 men男人 disappeared消失.
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突然间帅小伙们就消失了
06:45
It's typical典型 of these hallucinations幻觉
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这是一种典型的幻觉
06:48
that they may可能 come in a flash and disappear消失 in a flash.
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刷一下来,刷一下去
06:51
They don't usually平时 fade褪色 in and out.
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没有渐变
06:53
They are rather sudden突然, and they change更改 suddenly突然.
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相当突然,变得也快
06:56
Charles查尔斯 LullinLullin, the grandfather祖父,
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查尔斯·鲁林,也就是那个祖父
06:59
saw hundreds数以百计 of different不同 figures人物,
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看到过几百个不同的人像
07:02
different不同 landscapes景观 of all sorts排序.
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还有各种各样的景色
07:04
On one occasion场合, he saw a man in a bathrobe浴衣 smoking抽烟 a pipe,
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有一次,他看到一个穿浴袍的男人在抽烟斗
07:08
and realized实现 it was himself他自己.
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然后意识到,那就是他自己
07:11
That was the only figure数字 he recognized认可.
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那是唯一一个他辨认出来的人像
07:14
On one occasion场合 when he was walking步行 in the streets街道 of Paris巴黎,
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还有一次,他在巴黎的街道上
07:18
he saw -- this was real真实 -- a scaffolding脚手架.
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当真看到了一个脚手架
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature微型 of the scaffolding脚手架
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回到家后,却看到了那个脚手架的迷你版
07:24
six inches英寸 high, on his study研究 table.
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六英尺高,就立在他的书桌上
07:28
This repetition重复 of perception知觉
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这种感知的重复
07:31
is sometimes有时 called palinopsiapalinopsia.
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有时会被称作视像保留
07:33
With him and with Rosalie罗莎莉,
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这种在查尔斯·鲁林和罗斯莉
07:38
what seems似乎 to be going on --
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身上发生的
07:40
and Rosalie罗莎莉 said, "What's going on?" --
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让罗斯莉问道“我这是这么了?”的现象
07:42
and I said that as you lose失去 vision视力,
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我这么解释吧:随着视力的减退
07:45
as the visual视觉 parts部分 of the brain are no longer getting得到 any input输入,
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大脑与视力相关的部分渐渐失去了信息输入
07:48
they become成为 hyperactive多动 and excitable兴奋,
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从而进入一种过度活跃的、待激活的状态
07:51
and they start开始 to fire spontaneously自发.
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于是它开始自发地活动
07:53
And you start开始 to see things.
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让人产生幻象
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated复杂 indeed确实.
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产生的幻象可以相当复杂
07:59
With another另一个 patient患者 of mine,
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我有一个病人
08:03
who, also had some vision视力,
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(像查尔斯·鲁林一样)视力没有完全减退
08:05
the vision视力 she had could be disturbing烦扰的.
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她看到的幻象比较恼人
08:09
On one occasion场合, she said she saw
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她说有一次她看到
08:12
a man in a striped条纹 shirt衬衫 in a restaurant餐厅.
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餐馆里有一个穿条纹恤衫的男人
08:15
And he turned转身 around. And then
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他转过身
08:17
he divided分为 into six figures人物 in striped条纹 shirts衬衫,
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然后就突然分裂成6个同样穿条纹恤衫的人像
08:20
who started开始 walking步行 towards her.
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开始朝她走来
08:23
And then the six figures人物 came来了 together一起 again, like a concertina手风琴.
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然后六个人就合了起来,就像手风琴一样
08:26
Once一旦, when she was driving主动,
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有一次她正在开车
08:28
or rather, her husband丈夫 was driving主动,
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应该说,是他丈夫在开
08:30
the road divided分为 into four
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路突然就分裂成了4条
08:32
and she felt herself她自己 going simultaneously同时 up four roads道路.
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她感觉就像同时在4条路上行驶
08:36
She had very mobile移动 hallucinations幻觉 as well.
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她的幻觉充满动感
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car汽车.
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往往会牵涉到车
08:44
Sometimes有时 she would see a teenage青少年 boy男孩
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有时她会看到一个青年男孩
08:46
sitting坐在 on the hood引擎罩 of the car汽车.
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坐在引擎盖上
08:49
He was very tenacious顽强 and he moved移动 rather gracefully优雅
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紧抓不放,车转弯时
08:51
when the car汽车 turned转身.
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他便随着车的动作缓缓倾斜
08:53
And then when they came来了 to a stop,
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车停下后
08:56
the boy男孩 would do a sudden突然 vertical垂直 takeoff脱掉, 100 foot脚丫子 in the air空气,
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男孩便会突然垂直飞到100尺的高空
08:59
and then disappear消失.
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然后消失
09:02
Another另一个 patient患者 of mine had a different不同 sort分类 of hallucination幻觉.
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还有一个病人,有另外一种幻觉
09:07
This was a woman女人 who didn't have trouble麻烦 with her eyes眼睛,
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这位女病人视力并无问题
09:10
but the visual视觉 parts部分 of her brain,
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问题出在她脑部的视觉部分
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital枕骨 cortex皮质.
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她的枕叶皮层有一个小肿瘤
09:15
And, above以上 all, she would see cartoons卡通.
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尤其引人注意的是,她看到的幻象是卡通的
09:20
These cartoons卡通 would be transparent透明
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而且是半透明的
09:25
and would cover half the visual视觉 field领域, like a screen屏幕.
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像屏幕一样盖住半个视野
09:28
And especially特别 she saw cartoons卡通 of Kermit克米特 the Frog青蛙.
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特别的是,她看到的是青蛙柯密特(芝麻街人物)
09:34
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame芝麻 Street,
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我不看芝麻街的
09:38
but she made制作 a point of saying,
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不过她坚持要问我:
09:41
"Why Kermit克米特?" She said, "Kermit克米特 the Frog青蛙 means手段 nothing to me.
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”为什么是柯密特?“她说,”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
09:45
You know, I was wondering想知道 about Freudian弗洛伊德 determinants决定因素.
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当时我正在研究弗洛伊德决定因素
09:48
Why Kermit克米特?
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为什么是柯密特?
09:50
Kermit克米特 the Frog青蛙 means手段 nothing to me."
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”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
09:52
She didn't mind心神 the cartoons卡通 too much.
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她并不大关注那部卡通
09:54
But what did disturb打扰 her was she got very persistent一贯
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让她非常苦恼的是
09:58
images图片 or hallucinations幻觉 of faces面孔
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这些幻觉持续地出现
10:01
and as with Rosalie罗莎莉, the faces面孔 were often经常 deformed变形,
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而且跟罗斯莉的情况一样,幻觉中的脸往往是扭曲的
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes眼睛.
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要么长着大牙,要么长着大眼
10:08
And these frightened受惊 her.
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这让她感到非常不安
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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那么,这些病人是怎么了?
10:15
As a physician医师, I have to try and define确定 what's going on,
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作为一个医生,我必须尝试阐释这些现象
10:18
and to reassure再保证 people,
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来安抚他们
10:20
especially特别 to reassure再保证 them that they're not going insane.
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尤其得告诉他们,他们没疯
10:24
Something like 10 percent百分, as I said,
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我前面提到过,视力受损的人
10:27
of visually视觉 impaired受损 people get these.
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有10%会产生幻觉
10:30
But no more than one percent百分 of the people acknowledge确认 them,
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但不超过1%会承认
10:34
because they are afraid害怕 they will be seen看到 as insane or something.
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因为他们担心会被当成疯子之类
10:37
And if they do mention提到 them to their own拥有 doctors医生
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而如果他们向医生提起这种症状
10:39
they may可能 be misdiagnosed误诊.
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医生可能会做出错误的诊断
10:42
In particular特定, the notion概念 is that if you see
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而且,大家往往认为
10:44
things or hear things, you're going mad,
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如果你看到或听到幻觉,你就是疯了
10:47
but the psychotic精神病 hallucinations幻觉 are quite相当 different不同.
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其实我们提到的这种幻觉跟精神病幻觉是不一样的
10:50
Psychotic精神病 hallucinations幻觉, whether是否 they are visual视觉 or vocal声音的,
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精神病的幻觉,不管是视觉的还是听觉的
10:53
they address地址 you. They accuse you.
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都对付你,指控你
10:55
They seduce勾引 you. They humiliate羞辱 you.
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诱惑你,羞辱你
10:57
They jeer嘲笑 at you.
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嘲弄你
11:00
You interact相互作用 with them.
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跟你互动
11:02
There is none没有 of this quality质量 of being存在 addressed解决
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而这些
11:05
with these Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 hallucinations幻觉.
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都没有出现在邦纳式的幻觉中
11:08
There is a film电影. You're seeing眼看 a film电影 which哪一个 has nothing to do with you,
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邦纳式幻觉就像一部电影,尽管你在看,电影却没有牵涉到你
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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反正患者们是这么认为的
11:15
There is also a rare罕见 thing called temporal lobe epilepsy癫痫,
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还有一种少有的症状叫颞叶癫痫
11:19
and sometimes有时, if one has this,
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有时,如果一个人产生这种症状
11:22
one may可能 feel oneself自己 transported back
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他可能会感到自己被带回
11:24
to a time and place地点 in the past过去.
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到过去的一个时空
11:27
You're at a particular特定 road junction连接点.
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在某一个路口
11:29
You smell chestnuts栗子 roasting焙烧.
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闻到烤栗子的香味
11:31
You hear the traffic交通. All the senses感官 are involved参与.
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听到车来车往,所有的感官都参与着
11:34
And you're waiting等候 for your girl女孩.
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等待着心上人
11:36
And it's that Tuesday星期二 evening晚间 back in 1982.
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那可能是1982年的某个周二夜晚
11:40
And the temporal lobe hallucinations幻觉
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这种颞叶异常导致的幻觉
11:42
are all-sense全感 hallucinations幻觉,
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是多感官的
11:44
full充分 of feeling感觉, full充分 of familiarity熟悉,
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充满着情绪和熟悉感
11:47
located位于 in space空间 and time,
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发生在特定时空中
11:49
coherent相干, dramatic戏剧性.
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情节合乎逻辑而戏剧感十足
11:51
The Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 ones那些 are quite相当 different不同.
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邦纳式的不一样
11:54
So in the Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 hallucinations幻觉,
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在邦纳式幻觉中
11:58
you have all sorts排序 of levels水平,
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有好几种等级
12:00
from the geometrical几何 hallucinations幻觉 --
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从几何幻觉
12:02
the pink and blue蓝色 squares广场 the woman女人 had --
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比如老太太看到的粉色和蓝色的方块
12:05
up to quite相当 elaborate阐述 hallucinations幻觉
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到非常复杂的幻觉
12:09
with figures人物 and especially特别 faces面孔.
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比如各种人像,尤其是面容
12:12
Faces, and sometimes有时 deformed变形 faces面孔,
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这些面容,有时是扭曲的面容
12:15
are the single commonest常见 thing
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是唯一一种在这些幻觉中
12:18
in these hallucinations幻觉.
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最常见的幻象
12:20
And one of the second第二 commonest常见 is cartoons卡通.
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一种第二常见的幻象是卡通
12:23
So, what is going on?
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那么,究竟为什么会产生幻觉呢?
12:26
Fascinatingly让人着迷, in the last few少数 years年份,
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很棒的是,近几年
12:28
it's been possible可能 to do functional实用 brain imagery意象,
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我们能够做出脑功能成像
12:32
to do fMRI功能磁共振成像 on people as they are hallucinating幻觉.
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当我们给正产生幻觉的人做功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)时
12:36
And in fact事实, to find that different不同 parts部分
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我们的确发现大脑视觉部位
12:40
of the visual视觉 brain are activated活性
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有不同区域被激活
12:43
as they are hallucinating幻觉.
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这时被检测者正在经历幻觉
12:45
When people have these simple简单 geometrical几何 hallucinations幻觉,
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如果被检测者有的是简单的几何幻觉
12:48
the primary visual视觉 cortex皮质 is activated活性.
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被激活的区域则是初级视觉皮质
12:52
This is the part部分 of the brain which哪一个 perceives察觉 edges边缘 and patterns模式.
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这是大脑感知边缘和图案的部分
12:55
You don't form形成 images图片 with your primary visual视觉 cortex皮质.
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而我们光靠这里是无法形成完整影像的
12:59
When images图片 are formed形成,
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影像形成时
13:02
a higher更高 part部分 of the visual视觉 cortex皮质
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一个位于颞叶的较高级视觉皮质
13:04
is involved参与 in the temporal lobe.
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会有一定活动
13:06
And in particular特定, one area of the temporal lobe
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尤其是颞叶中
13:11
is called the fusiform梭形 gyrus.
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叫做梭状回的一个区域,显著地活跃
13:13
And it's known已知 that if people have damage损伤 in the fusiform梭形 gyrus,
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调查显示,如果梭状回损伤
13:17
they maybe lose失去 the ability能力 to recognize认识 faces面孔.
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患者可能因此无法辨认面容
13:21
But if there is an abnormal不正常 activity活动 in the fusiform梭形 gyrus,
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而当梭状回异常时
13:25
they may可能 hallucinate产生幻觉 faces面孔,
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患者则可能看到面容的幻象
13:27
and this is exactly究竟 what you find in some of these people.
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这正是我们前面提到的几位病人所出现的症状
13:30
There is an area in the anterior前面的 part部分 of this gyrus
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梭状回的前部有一个区域
13:34
where teeth and eyes眼睛 are represented代表,
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负责处理有关牙齿和眼睛的影像
13:39
and that part部分 of the gyrus is activated活性
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而当病人出现扭曲的幻觉时
13:42
when people get the deformed变形 hallucinations幻觉.
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正是这一部位出现了活动
13:46
There is another另一个 part部分 of the brain
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还有一个区域
13:48
which哪一个 is especially特别 activated活性
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会在病人看到卡通幻象时
13:50
when one sees看到 cartoons卡通.
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出现活动
13:52
It's activated活性 when one recognizes识别 cartoons卡通,
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人们观看卡通
13:55
when one draws cartoons卡通, and when one hallucinates出现幻觉 them.
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画卡通,或看到卡通幻象时,都是这一部位被激活
13:59
It's very interesting有趣 that that should be specific具体.
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这是一个特别有趣的现象
14:02
There are other parts部分 of the brain which哪一个 are specifically特别 involved参与
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大脑还有几个别的部位
14:05
with the recognition承认 and hallucination幻觉
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相应地跟其他视觉元素的辨别与幻觉有关
14:07
of buildings房屋 and landscapes景观.
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比如楼房和风景
14:10
Around 1970, it was found发现 that there were not only parts部分 of the brain,
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1970年左右,人们发现特化的不是一块区域
14:13
but particular特定 cells细胞.
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而是相应的脑细胞
14:15
"Face面对 cells细胞" were discovered发现 around 1970.
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“脸细胞”是1970年左右发现的
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds数以百计 of other
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至今,我们已经发现了
14:22
sorts排序 of cells细胞,
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数百种与各类视觉元素对应的脑细胞
14:24
which哪一个 can be very, very specific具体.
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这种对应关系可以非常琐细、明确
14:26
So you may可能 not only have
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比如说
14:28
"car汽车" cells细胞,
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“车”细胞
14:30
you may可能 have "Aston阿斯顿 Martin马丁" cells细胞.
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可能还有“阿斯顿·马丁(一种车)”细胞
14:33
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:35
I saw an Aston阿斯顿 Martin马丁 this morning早上.
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今早我看到一部阿斯顿·马丁
14:37
I had to bring带来 it in.
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我一直想提提它
14:39
And now it's in there somewhere某处.
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现在我的脑子里就有这种“阿斯顿·马丁”细胞
14:42
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
14:45
Now, at this level水平, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex皮质,
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那么,这一程度的幻觉,只会由这一整块可以称作下颞叶皮质的区域
14:49
there are only visual视觉 images图片,
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形成视觉影像、
14:52
or figments虚构 or fragments片段.
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幻象,或片段
14:55
It's only at higher更高 levels水平
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只有更高程度的幻觉
14:58
that the other senses感官 join加入 in
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才会有视觉以外的感官参与
15:00
and there are connections连接 with memory记忆 and emotion情感.
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同时牵涉到记忆与情感
15:02
And in the Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 syndrome综合征,
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在邦纳症候群中
15:05
you don't go to those higher更高 levels水平.
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更高程度的幻觉并不会出现
15:07
You're in these levels水平 of inferior visual视觉 cortex皮质
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牵涉到初级视觉皮质的幻觉
15:10
where you have thousands数千 and tens of thousands数千
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有上百上千
15:12
and millions百万 of images图片,
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甚至更多的图像、
15:15
or figments虚构, or fragmentary残缺不全 figments虚构,
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幻象,或残缺幻象
15:17
all neurallyneurally encoded编码
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这些都被编译
15:19
in particular特定 cells细胞 or small clusters集群 of cells细胞.
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在特定的脑细胞或脑细胞簇中
15:23
Normally一般 these are all part部分 of
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这些细胞通常
15:26
the integrated集成 stream of perception知觉, or imagination想像力,
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参与形成感知和想象
15:30
and one is not conscious意识 of them.
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人们通常是无法意识到这一过程的
15:33
It is only if one is visually视觉 impaired受损 or blind
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只有当你的视力受损或丧失
15:37
that the process处理 is interrupted间断.
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这一过程才会被干扰
15:39
And instead代替 of getting得到 normal正常 perception知觉,
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在这种情况下,你的感知不再正常
15:42
you're getting得到 an anarchic无政府的,
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一种不受控的、
15:44
convulsive抽搐的 stimulation促进, or release发布,
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痉挛的释放活动
15:47
of all of these visual视觉 cells细胞
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发生在位于初级视觉皮质的
15:49
in the inferotemporal cortex皮质.
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这些视觉脑细胞中
15:51
So, suddenly突然 you see a face面对. Suddenly突然 you see a car汽车.
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这种活动的结果就是,你突然看到一张脸,转瞬看到一辆车
15:54
Suddenly突然 this, and suddenly突然 that.
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突然这,突然那
15:57
The mind心神 does its best最好 to organize组织
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大脑会尝试控制场面
15:59
and to give some sort分类 of coherence相干性 to this,
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尝试使这一切符合逻辑
16:02
but not terribly可怕 successfully顺利.
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但不会很成功
16:04
When these were first described描述,
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这些现象最初被描述时
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted解读 like dreams.
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人们相信,跟梦一样,这种幻觉也能被强行中止
16:10
But in fact事实 people say,
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不过实际上患者表示
16:12
"I don't recognize认识 the people. I can't form形成 any associations协会."
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“我认不出来谁是谁。完全没办法想到任何信息。”
16:15
"Kermit克米特 means手段 nothing to me."
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”青蛙柯密特对我来说一点意义都没有啊。“
16:18
You don't get anywhere随地 thinking思维 of them as dreams.
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把这种现象视作梦的一种是行不通的
16:23
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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唔,我应该说得差不多了
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate概括
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我再概括一下
16:31
and say this is common共同.
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其实帮纳症候群是个常见现象
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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你们想,在盲人人群中
16:35
There must必须 be hundreds数以百计 of thousands数千 of blind people
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肯定有上百上千
16:37
who have these hallucinations幻觉,
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有这样的幻觉
16:39
but are too scared害怕 to mention提到 them.
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然而却不敢提起
16:41
So this sort分类 of thing needs需求 to be brought into
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所以不管是病人,医生还是公众
16:44
notice注意, for patients耐心, for doctors医生, for the public上市.
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都有必要认识到这一现象的常见性
16:50
Finally最后, I think they are
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最后
16:52
infinitely无限地 interesting有趣 and valuable有价值,
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我发现帮助别人认识大脑作用的原理
16:55
for giving one some insight眼光 as to how the brain works作品.
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是一件无比有趣而有意义的事情
16:59
Charles查尔斯 Bonnet邦尼特 said, 250 years年份 ago --
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查尔斯·邦纳在250年前
17:02
he wondered想知道 how, thinking思维 these hallucinations幻觉,
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在对这些幻觉现象的观察的促使下,思考了这个问题
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater剧院 of the mind心神
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心智的戏剧性
17:09
could be generated产生 by the machinery机械 of the brain.
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是如何产生于大脑运作的呢?
17:12
Now, 250 years年份 later后来,
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250年后的今天
17:15
I think we're beginning开始 to glimpse一瞥 how this is doneDONE.
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我想我们已经能够开始领悟这个精妙的过程
17:18
Thanks谢谢 very much.
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非常感谢
17:20
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
17:23
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: That was superb高超. Thank you so much.
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克里斯·安德森:非常精彩,非常感谢你
17:26
You speak说话 about these things with so much insight眼光
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你说得非常精到
17:28
and empathy同情 for your patients耐心.
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也很能理解你的病人
17:31
Have you yourself你自己 experienced有经验的 any of the syndromes综合征 you write about?
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你自己有没有过这些症状呢?
17:36
Oliver奥利弗 Sacks萨克斯: I was afraid害怕 you'd ask that.
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奥利弗·萨克斯:我挺怕你问这个的
17:38
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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嗯,有,很大一部分
17:42
And actually其实 I'm a little visually视觉 impaired受损 myself.
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事实上我自己也有一定的视力受损
17:45
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly可怕 good in the other.
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我的一只眼睛是看不到的,另一只视力也不大好
17:48
And I see the geometrical几何 hallucinations幻觉.
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我看到过几何幻觉
17:52
But they stop there.
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不过最多也就这个程度了
17:54
CACA: And they don't disturb打扰 you?
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安德森:它们会不会让你感到很不安?
17:56
Because you understand理解 what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried担心?
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或者说是不是因为你了解这一现象而没这么担心?
17:58
OSOS: Well they don't disturb打扰 me any more than my tinnitus耳鸣,
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萨克斯:耳鸣让我烦心得多
18:02
which哪一个 I ignore忽视.
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耳鸣我也是听而不闻
18:05
They occasionally偶尔 interest利益 me,
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不过偶尔我会对自己的幻觉很感兴趣
18:07
and I have many许多 pictures图片 of them in my notebooks笔记本电脑.
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我还把它们画在了笔记本里
18:10
I've gone走了 and had an fMRI功能磁共振成像 myself,
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我自己就曾做过功能性磁共振成像
18:13
to see how my visual视觉 cortex皮质 is taking服用 over.
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看看我的视觉皮层在造什么反
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons六边形
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我看到六边形的幻觉
18:20
and complex复杂 things, which哪一个 I also have,
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或更复杂的幻觉,
18:22
in visual视觉 migraine偏头痛,
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往往伴随着偏头痛
18:24
I wonder奇迹 whether是否 everyone大家 sees看到 things like this,
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那是我就会想是不是别人也会有这样的幻觉
18:26
and whether是否 things like cave洞穴 art艺术 or ornamental装饰 art艺术
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洞穴壁画和装饰艺术
18:29
may可能 have been derived派生 from them a bit.
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是不是也取材于这种幻觉
18:32
CACA: That was an utterly完全, utterly完全 fascinating迷人 talk.
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安德森:你今天的演讲非常非常精彩
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing分享.
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感谢你的分享
18:36
OSOS: Thank you. Thank you.
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萨克斯:谢谢,谢谢
18:38
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Chuner Guo
Reviewed by Wang Qian

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.

Why you should listen

Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.

Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as HallucinationsThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a HatAn Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.

Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>

More profile about the speaker
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com