TED2009
Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds
Oliver Sacks: Što halucinacije otkrivaju o našim umovima
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Neurolog i pisac Oliver Sacks privlači našu pozornost na sindrom Charlesa Bonneta--kad osobe s oštećenjem vida imaju lucidne halucinacije. Opisuje iskustva svojih pacijenata na topao način i u detalje i vodi nas u šetnju kroz biologiju ovog slabo poznatog fenomena.
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We see with the eyes,
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Vidimo očima.
00:15
but we see with the brain as well.
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Ali vidimo i mozgom isto tako.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
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I gledanje mozgom se često zove imaginacija.
00:22
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
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Upoznati smo s pejzažima naše vlastite imaginacije,
00:27
our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives.
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našim unutarnjim pejzažima. Živimo s njima cijeli život.
00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well,
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Ali postoje također i halucinacije.
00:35
and hallucinations are completely different.
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A halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugačije.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
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Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili.
00:40
They don't seem to be under our control.
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Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside,
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Čini se da dolaze izvana.
00:44
and to mimic perception.
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i oponašaju percepciju.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations,
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Tako ću pričati o halucinacijama.
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination
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I posebnoj vrsti vidnih halucinacija
00:55
which I see among my patients.
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koju vidim među svojim pacijentima.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call
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Prije nekoliko mjeseci nazvali su me
01:04
from a nursing home where I work.
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iz staračkog doma gdje radim.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
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Rekli su mi da se jednoj od štićenica doma, starijoj gospođi u devedesetima,
01:11
was seeing things,
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priviđaju stvari.
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
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Pitali su se da li je pukla.
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
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Ili, zato što je bila starija gospođa,
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
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da li je imala moždani udar ili ima Alzheimerovu bolest.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
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I pitali su me da li bih došao vidjeti Rosalie,
01:26
the old lady.
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stariju gospođu.
01:28
I went in to see her.
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Otišao sam je vidjeti.
01:30
It was evident straight away
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Bilo je odmah jasno
01:32
that she was perfectly sane
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da je potpuno razborita
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
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lucidna i inteligentna.
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
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Ali bila je jako prestrašena, i jako zbunjena
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
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jer su joj se priviđale stvari.
01:45
And she told me --
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Rekla mi je--
01:48
the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
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sestre ovo nisu spominjale--
01:50
that she was blind,
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da je slijepa,
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
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da je potpuno slijepa, zbog makularne degeneracije, zadnjih pet godina.
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
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Ali sada, zadnjih nekoliko dana, priviđaju joj se stvari.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
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Tako sam pitao, "Kakve stvari?"
02:03
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
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Rekla je, "Ljude u orijentalnim haljinama,
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
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ogrnute, šetaju se gore i dolje stepenicama.
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles.
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Čovjeka koji se okreće prema meni i smiješi se.
02:13
But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
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Ali ima ogroman zub na jednoj strani usta.
02:17
Animals too.
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Životinje također.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
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Vidim bijelu zgradu. Pada snijeg, mekani snijeg.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
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Vidim tog konja, sa zapregom koja odguruje snijeg.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
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Tada, jedne noći, scena se mijenja.
02:31
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
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Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
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Dođu do određenog mjesta i tada stanu.
02:36
Then it changes again.
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Tada se opet promijeni.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They are walking up and down stairs.
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Vidim mnoštvo djece. Hodaju gore dolje po stepenicama.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
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Nose jarke boje, ružičastu i plavu.
02:44
like Eastern dress."
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poput orijentalne haljine."
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
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Ponekad, rekla je, prije nego što ljudi dođu
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
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može halucinirati ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu,
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
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koji se doimaju kao da idu prema stropu.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
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Pitao sam, "Da li je to slično snu?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
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A ona je rekla, "Ne, nije poput sna, više je slično filmu."
03:04
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
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Rekla je, "Ima boju, ima pokret.
03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
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Ali je potpuno tiho, poput nijemog filma."
03:11
And she said that it's a rather boring movie.
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I rekla je da je to donekle dosadan film.
03:13
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
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Rekla je, "Svi ovi ljudi u orijentalnim haljinama,
03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
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hodaju gore dolje, neprestano, veoma ograničeno.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:23
And she has a sense of humor.
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I imala je smisao za humor.
03:25
She knew it was a hallucination.
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Znala je da je to halucinacija.
03:27
But she was frightened. She'd lived 95 years
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Ali bila je preplašena. Ima 95 godina
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
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i nikada prije nije imala halucinacije.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated
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Rekla je da halucinacije nisu povezane
03:35
to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing,
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ni s čim o čemu misli ili osjeća ili radi.
03:39
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
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Činilo se da se same pojavljuju, ili nestaju.
03:43
She had no control over them.
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Nije imala kontrolu nad njima.
03:45
She said she didn't recognize
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Rekla je da nije prepoznavala
03:47
any of the people or places
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ni ljude ni mjesta
03:49
in the hallucinations.
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u halucinacijama.
03:51
And none of the people or the animals,
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I nikoga od ljudi ili životinja,
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
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činilo se da ne može upamtiti.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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I nije znala što se događa.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad
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Pitala se da li ludi,
04:01
or losing her mind.
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da li je poludjela.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
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Dakle, pažljivo sam je pregledao.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
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Bila je bistra starica.
04:07
perfectly sane. She had no medical problems.
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Potpuno razborita. Nije imala medicinskih problema.
04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
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Nije uzimala nikakve lijekove koji mogu stvoriti halucinacije.
04:15
But she was blind.
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Ali bila je slijepa.
04:17
And I then said to her,
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I tada sam joj rekao,
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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"Mislim da znam što imate."
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
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Rekao sam, "Postoji posebna vrsta vidnih halucinacija
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
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koja može ići uz pogoršavanjem vida, ili slijepoću."
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
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"Ovo je prvi opisao," rekao sam,
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
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"još u 18.stoljeću,
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
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čovjek koji se zvao Charles Bonnet.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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I vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta.
04:40
There is nothing wrong with your brain. There is nothing wrong with your mind.
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Sve je u redu s vašim mozgom. Sve je u redu s vašim umom.
04:42
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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Vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
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I bilo joj je laknulo,
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
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da nije ništa ozbiljno,
04:52
and also rather curious.
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ali je također bila znatiželjna.
04:55
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
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Pitala je, "Tko je taj Charles Bonnet?"
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
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Pitala je, "Da li je i on sam to imao?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses
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I rekla je, "Recite svim sestrama
05:03
that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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da ja imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
05:06
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
05:08
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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"Nisam luda. Nisam dementna. Imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nurses.
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Tako sam i rekao sestrama.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
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Ovo je za mene uobičajena situacija.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
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Većinom radim u starčkim domovima.
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
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Vidim puno starijih ljudi
05:21
who are hearing impaired or visually impaired.
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koji slabo čuju ili slabo vide.
05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people
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Oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim sluhom
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
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imaju slušne halucinacije.
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
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I oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim vidom
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
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imaju vidne halucinacije.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
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Ne morate biti potpuno slijepi,
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
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nego samo dovoljno oštećenog vida.
05:39
Now with the original description in the 18th century,
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U originalnom opisu iz 18 stoljeća,
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
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Charles Bonnet ih nije imao.
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
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Njegova djed je imao ovakve halucinacije.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
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Njegov djed je bio sudac, stariji čovjek.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
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Operirao je mrenu.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
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vid mu je bio vrlo slab.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
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I 1759.godine je opisao svom unuku
06:01
various things he was seeing.
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različite stvari koje su mu se priviđale.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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Prvo što je rekao je da je vidio
06:05
a handkerchief in midair.
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maramicu u zraku.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief
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Bila je to velika plava maramica
06:09
with four orange circles.
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sa četiri narančasta kruga.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
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i znao je da je to bila halucinacija.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
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Nemate baš maramica u zraku
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
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I vidio je veliki kotač u zraku.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
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Ali ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira.
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit
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Jer su se halucinacije uklapale
06:27
in the context of the visions.
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u kontekst vida.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
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Tako je jednom prilikom, kad mu je unuka bila u posjeti,
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
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pitao, "A tko je ovaj zgodan mladić s tobom?"
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
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A ona je odgovorila, "Jao, djede, pa nema nikakvog zgodnog mladića."
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
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I tada je zgodni mladić iščezao.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
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To je tipično za ovakve halucinacije
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
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da se mogu munjevito pojaviti i nestati.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
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Obično se ne pojavljuju i ne nestaju polagano.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
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One su prilično iznenadne. I mijenjaju se naglo.
06:56
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
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Charles Lullin, djeda,
06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
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vidio je na stotine različitih likova,
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
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različite krajolike svih vrsta
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
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Jednom prilikom vidio je čovjeka u kućnom ogrtaču kako puši lulu,
07:08
and realized it was himself.
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i shvatio je da je to on sam.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
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To je bio jedini lik kojeg je prepoznao.
07:14
On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
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Jednom prilikom dok je šetao ulicama Pariza,
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
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vidio je--zaista--građevinske skele.
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding
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Ali kad se vratio kući vidio je minijaturne skele
07:24
six inches high, on his study table.
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visoke petnaest centimetara na svom radnom stolu.
07:28
This repetition of perception
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Ovo ponavljanje percepcije
07:31
is sometimes called palinopsia.
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se ponekad zove palinopsija.
07:33
With him and with Rosalie,
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Kod njega, i kod Rosalie,
07:38
what seems to be going on --
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se izgleda događalo--
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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i Rosalie je pitala, "Što se dešava?"--
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
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a ja sam joj rekao da kad izgubiš vid,
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
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tada vidni dijelovi mozga više ne dobijaju ulazne informacije,
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
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i postaju hiperaktivni i podražljivi.
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
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I počinju spontano okidati.
07:53
And you start to see things.
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I počinje vam se priviđati.
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
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Stvari koje vidite mogu biti zaista komplicirane.
07:59
With another patient of mine,
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Kod jednog mog pacijenta,
08:03
who, also had some vision,
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koja je, (poput Charles Lullina) imala neka priviđenja,
08:05
the vision she had could be disturbing.
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priviđenja koja mogu biti uznemirujuća.
08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw
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Jednom prilikom je rekla da je vidjela
08:12
a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
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čovjeka u prugastoj majici u restoranu.
08:15
And he turned around. And then
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I on se okrenuo. Tada
08:17
he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
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se podijelio u šest identičnih likova u prugastim majicama,
08:20
who started walking towards her.
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koji su krenuli prema njoj.
08:23
And then the six figures came together again, like a concertina.
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I tada su se šest figura opet spojila u jednu.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
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jednom, dok je vozila,
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
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ili bolje, dok je vozio njen muž,
08:30
the road divided into four
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cesta se podijelila u četiri ceste.
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
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I osjetila je kako istovremeno ide preko svih četiri.
08:36
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
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Imala je također, vrlo pokretne halucinacije.
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
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I većina je imala veze s autom.
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy
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Ponekad bi vidjela adolescentnog dječaka
08:46
sitting on the hood of the car.
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kako sjedi na poklopcu motora automobila.
08:49
He was very tenacious and he moved rather gracefully
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Bio je vrlo uporan i kretao se prilično graciozno
08:51
when the car turned.
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kad je auto skrenuo.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
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I kad su se zaustavili,
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
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dječak je iznenada uzletio, 30 metara u zrak,
08:59
and then disappear.
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i zatim nestao.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
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Jedan drugi moj pacijent je imao drugačiju vrstu halucinacija.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes,
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To je bila žena koja nije imala poteškoća s očima,
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
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nego s vidnim dijelovima mozga.
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
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Maleni tumor u zatiljnom dijelu kore mozga.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
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I, iznad svega, ona bi vidjela crtiće.
09:20
These cartoons would be transparent
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Ovi crtići bi bili prozirni
09:25
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
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i prekrivali bi polovicu vidnog polja, poput ekrana.
09:28
And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
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i naročito je vidjela crtiće s žapcem Kermitom.
09:34
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
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ja ne gledam Ulicu Sezam.
09:38
but she made a point of saying,
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Ali imala je pravo kad je govorila,
09:41
"Why Kermit?" She said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.
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"Zašto Kermit?" Pitala je, "Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači.
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants.
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Znate, razmišljao sam oko Freudovskih odrednica.
09:48
Why Kermit?
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Zašto Kermit?
09:50
Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači."
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
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Nije baš marila za crtiće.
09:54
But what did disturb her was she got very persistent
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Ali ono što ju je uznemirilo je to što je imala stalne
09:58
images or hallucinations of faces
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slike ili halucinacije lica
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
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i kao i kod Rosalie, lica su često bila deformirana,
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
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s veoma velikim zubima, ili veoma velikim očima.
10:08
And these frightened her.
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I to ju je plašilo.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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Dakle, što se događalo ovim ljudima?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on,
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Kao liječnik, morao sam se potruditi i definirati što se događa,
10:18
and to reassure people,
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i uvjeriti ljude.
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
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Naročito ih uvjeriti da neće poludjeti.
10:24
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
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Oko 10 posto, kako sam rekao,
10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
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ljudi s oštećenjem vida imaju ovakve halucinacije.
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
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Ali ne više od jedan posto ljudi ih priznaje.
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
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Jer se boje da će ih smatrati luđacima ili nešto slično.
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors
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I ako ih spominju svojim liječnicima
10:39
they may be misdiagnosed.
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mogu biti krivo dijagnosticirani.
10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see
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Uglavnom, smatra se da ako vidite
10:44
things or hear things, you're going mad,
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stvari ili čujete stvari, da gubite razum.
10:47
but the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
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Ali psihotične halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugo.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
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psihotične halucinacije, bilo da su vidne ili slušne,
10:53
they address you. They accuse you.
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obraćaju se vama. Optužuju vas.
10:55
They seduce you. They humiliate you.
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Zavode vas. Ponižavaju vas.
10:57
They jeer at you.
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Rugaju vam se.
11:00
You interact with them.
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Vi sudjelujete u njima.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
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Nijedne od ovih karakteristika nema
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
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u halucinacijama Charlesa Bonneta.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you,
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Imate film. Gledate film koji nema veze s vama.
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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Tako ljudi misle o tome.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
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Također postoji rijetko stanje koje se zove epilepsija sljepoočnog režnja.
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
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i ponekad, ako netko to ima,
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back
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može se osjećati transportiran natrag
11:24
to a time and place in the past.
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u vremenu i prostoru u prošlost.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
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Nalazite se na posebnom raskrižju cesta.
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
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Mirišete pečene kestene.
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
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Čujete prometnu gužvu. Sva osjetila su uključena.
11:34
And you're waiting for your girl.
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I vi čekate svoju djevojku.
11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
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I utorak je navečer u 1982.g.
11:40
And the temporal lobe hallucinations
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I halucinacije sljepoočnog režnja
11:42
are all-sense hallucinations,
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su sve multisenzorne halucinacije,
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
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prepune osjećaja, prepuna poznatog,
11:47
located in space and time,
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smještena u prostoru i vremenu,
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
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usklađena, dramatična.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
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Halucinacije Charlesa Bonneta su sasvim drugačije.
11:54
So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,
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Tako u halucinacijama Charles Bonneta,
11:58
you have all sorts of levels,
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imate sve vrste razina,
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
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od geometrijskih halucinacija,
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
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ružičastih i plavih kvadrata koje je gospođa imala,
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
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do posebno razrađenih halucinacija
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
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s likovima i posebno licima.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
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Lica, i ponekad deformirana lica,
12:15
are the single commonest thing
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su najčešće stvari
12:18
in these hallucinations.
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u ovim halucinacijama.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
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A druge najčešće su crtići.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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Pa, što se događa?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
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Fascinatno je, zadnjih nekoliko godina,
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
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je moguće učiniti funkcijske prikaze mozga,
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating.
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napraviti funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (fMRI) ljudima koji haluciniraju.
12:36
And in fact, to find that different parts
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I u stvari, pronaći te različite dijelove
12:40
of the visual brain are activated
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vidnog dijela mozga koji su aktivirani
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
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dok oni haluciniraju.
12:45
When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations,
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Kad ljudi imaju ove jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije,
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
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aktivirana je primarna vidna kora.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
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To je dio mozga koji opaža rubove i uzorke.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
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Ne stvarate slike pomoću primarne vidne kore.
12:59
When images are formed,
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Kada su slike stvorene,
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex
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viši dio vidne kore
13:04
is involved in the temporal lobe.
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u sljepoočnom režnju je uključen.
13:06
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
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I posebno, jedno područje sljepoočnog režnja
13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
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koje se zove fuziformna vijuga.
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
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I poznato je da ukoliko ljudi imaju oštećenje u fuziformnoj vijuzi,
13:17
they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces.
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mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica.
13:21
But if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
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Ali ako postoji abnormalna aktivnost u fuziformnoj vijuzi,
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
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mogu halucinirati lica.
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
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I to je točno ono što se može pronaći kod ovih ljudi.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
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U prednjem dijelu ove vijuge nalazi se područje
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
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gdje su zubi i oči reprezentirani.
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
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I taj dio vijuge je aktiviran
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
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kad ljudi imaju deformirane halucinacije.
13:46
There is another part of the brain
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Postoji još jedan dio mozga
13:48
which is especially activated
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koji je posebno aktivan
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
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kad netko vidi crtiće.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
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On je aktivin kad netko prepoznaje crtiće,
13:55
when one draws cartoons, and when one hallucinates them.
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kad netko crta crtiće, i kad ih halucinira.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
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Jako je zanimljivo da bi to trebalo biti specifično.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
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Postoje i drugi dijelovi mozga koji su posebno uključeni
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination
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u prepoznavanje i halucinacije
14:07
of buildings and landscapes.
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zgrada i pejzaža.
14:10
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
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Oko 1970.g. je otkriveno da nisu samo uključeni posebni dijelovi mozga,
14:13
but particular cells.
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već posebne stanice.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
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"Stanice za lice" su otkrivene oko 1970.g.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other
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I sada znamo da postoje i stotine drugih
14:22
sorts of cells,
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vrsta stanica,
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
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koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične.
14:26
So you may not only have
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Tako da ne samo da imate
14:28
"car" cells,
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stanice za "auto"
14:30
you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
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možete imati i "Aston Martin" stanice.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning.
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Vidio sam Aston Martin jutros.
14:37
I had to bring it in.
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morao sam ga donijeti.
14:39
And now it's in there somewhere.
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i sad je tu negdje.
14:42
(Laughter)
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(smijeh)
14:45
Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
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Sada, na ovoj razini, u onome što se zove inferotemporalna kora,
14:49
there are only visual images,
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nalaze se samo vizualne slike,
14:52
or figments or fragments.
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ili maštanja ili fragmenti.
14:55
It's only at higher levels
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Samo na višim razinama
14:58
that the other senses join in
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kad se ostala osjetila priključe
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
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i kad se spoje s pamćenjem i osjećajima.
15:02
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
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U sindromu Charlesa Bonneta
15:05
you don't go to those higher levels.
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ne idete na ove više razine.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex
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Vi ste na ovim razinama inferiorne vidne kore
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
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gdje imate tisuće i desetke tisuća
15:12
and millions of images,
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i milijuna slika,
15:15
or figments, or fragmentary figments,
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ili maštanja, ili fragmentiranih maštanja,
15:17
all neurally encoded
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sva neuronalno šifrirana,
15:19
in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
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u posebnim stanicama ili malim nakupinama stanica.
15:23
Normally these are all part of
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Normalno su one dio
15:26
the integrated stream of perception, or imagination,
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integriranog snopa percepcije ili maštanja.
15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
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I pojedinac ih nije svjestan.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
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Samo ako je netko oštećenog vida, ili slijep,
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
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tad je proces prekinut.
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
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I umjesto normalne percepcije,
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
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dobijete anarhičnu,
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
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konvulzivnu stimulaciju, ili otpuštanje,
15:47
of all of these visual cells
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ovih vidnih stanica,
15:49
in the inferotemporal cortex.
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u inferotemporalnoj kori.
15:51
So, suddenly you see a face. Suddenly you see a car.
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Tako da iznenada vidite lice. Iznenada vidite auto.
15:54
Suddenly this, and suddenly that.
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Iznenada ovo, i iznenada ono.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
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Um daje sve od sebe da organizira,
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
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i daje tome neku vrstu suvislosti.
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
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Ali ne strašno uspješno.
16:04
When these were first described,
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Kada je ovo bilo prvi put opisano
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
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mislilo se da se mogu interpretirati poput snova.
16:10
But in fact people say,
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Ali u stvari ljudi kažu,
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations."
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"Ne mogu prepoznati ljude. Ne mogu imati asocijacije."
16:15
"Kermit means nothing to me."
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"Kermit mi ništa ne znači."
16:18
You don't get anywhere thinking of them as dreams.
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Ne misle svi da su to snovi.
16:23
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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Dakle, rekao sam više, manje što sam želio.
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate
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Mislim da želim samo ponoviti
16:31
and say this is common.
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i reći da je ovo često.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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Pomislite koliko ima slijepih ljudi.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
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Mora biti na stotine tisuća slijepih ljudi
16:37
who have these hallucinations,
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koji imaju ovakve halucinacije,
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
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ali koji se boje spominjati ih.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into
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Tako da se o ovoj stvari treba obznaniti
16:44
notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public.
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i pacijentima, i liječnicima, i javnosti.
16:50
Finally, I think they are
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konačno, mislim da su
16:52
infinitely interesting and valuable,
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beskrajno zanimljive, i vrijedne,
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
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za dati nekome neki uvid kako mozak radi.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
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Charles Bonnet je rekao prije 250 godina--
17:02
he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations,
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pitao se kako, razmišljajući o ovm halucinacijama,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
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kako, kao što je on to nazvao, teatar uma
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
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može biti stvoren mašinerijom mozga.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
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Sada, 250 godina kasnije,
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
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Mislim da počinjemo spoznavati kako to nastaje.
17:18
Thanks very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
17:20
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
17:23
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
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Chris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Puno vam hvala.
17:26
You speak about these things with so much insight
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Govorite o ovim stvarima s toliko uvida
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
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i empatije za svoje pacijente.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
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Jeste li kad sami imali neke od sindroma o kojima pišete?
17:36
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
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Oliver Sacks: Bojao sam se da ćete to pitati.
17:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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Da, puno njih.
17:42
And actually I'm a little visually impaired myself.
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i zapravo i sam imam manje oštećenje vida.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly good in the other.
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Slijep sam na jedno oko, a ni na drugo ne vidim strašno dobro.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
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I ja vidim geometrijske halucinacije.
17:52
But they stop there.
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Ali one stanu tamo.
17:54
CA: And they don't disturb you?
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C.A.; I ne smetaju vam?
17:56
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
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Zato što razumijete što se dešava. To vas ne zabrinjava?
17:58
OS: Well they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
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O.S.: pa, ne smeta mi ništa više nego moje zujanje u ušima.
18:02
which I ignore.
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Koje ignoriram.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
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Ponekad me zainteresiraju.
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
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I imam puno njihovih slika u notesu.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
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I sam sam išao na funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (FMRI)
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is taking over.
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da vidim kako moja vidna kora preuzima.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
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i kad vidim sve ove šesterokute
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
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i složene stvari, koje također imam,
18:22
in visual migraine,
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u vidnoj migreni,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this,
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Pitam se da li svi vide stvari poput ovih,
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
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bilo da su to stvari kao špiljska umjetnost ili ornamentalna umjetnost
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
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mogu nastati bar malo iz njih.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
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C.A.:Ovo je bio krajnje, krajnje, fascinatno predavanje.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
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hvala vam puno što ste ga podijelili.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
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O.S.: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.
18:38
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologistSince "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.
Why you should listen
Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.
Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as Hallucinations, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, An Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.
Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com