ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.

Why you should listen

Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.

Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as HallucinationsThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a HatAn Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.

Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>

More profile about the speaker
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds

Oliver Sacks: Što halucinacije otkrivaju o našim umovima

Filmed:
8,482,258 views

Neurolog i pisac Oliver Sacks privlači našu pozornost na sindrom Charlesa Bonneta--kad osobe s oštećenjem vida imaju lucidne halucinacije. Opisuje iskustva svojih pacijenata na topao način i u detalje i vodi nas u šetnju kroz biologiju ovog slabo poznatog fenomena.
- Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
We see with the eyesoči,
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Vidimo očima.
00:15
but we see with the brainmozak as well.
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Ali vidimo i mozgom isto tako.
00:18
And seeingvidim with the brainmozak is oftenčesto calledzvao imaginationmašta.
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I gledanje mozgom se često zove imaginacija.
00:22
And we are familiarupoznat with the landscapeskrajolici of our ownvlastiti imaginationmašta,
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Upoznati smo s pejzažima naše vlastite imaginacije,
00:27
our inscapesinscapes. We'veMoramo livedživjeli with them all our livesživot.
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našim unutarnjim pejzažima. Živimo s njima cijeli život.
00:31
But there are alsotakođer hallucinationshalucinacije as well,
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Ali postoje također i halucinacije.
00:35
and hallucinationshalucinacije are completelypotpuno differentdrugačiji.
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A halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugačije.
00:38
They don't seemčiniti se to be of our creationstvaranje.
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Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili.
00:40
They don't seemčiniti se to be underpod our controlkontrolirati.
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Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom.
00:42
They seemčiniti se to come from the outsideizvan,
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Čini se da dolaze izvana.
00:44
and to mimicimitirati perceptionpercepcija.
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i oponašaju percepciju.
00:47
So I am going to be talkingkoji govori about hallucinationshalucinacije,
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Tako ću pričati o halucinacijama.
00:51
and a particularposebno sortvrsta of visualvidni hallucinationhalucinacija
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I posebnoj vrsti vidnih halucinacija
00:55
whichkoji I see amongmeđu my patientspacijenti.
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koju vidim među svojim pacijentima.
01:00
A fewnekoliko monthsmjeseci agoprije, I got a phonetelefon call
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Prije nekoliko mjeseci nazvali su me
01:04
from a nursingstarački home where I work.
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iz staračkog doma gdje radim.
01:06
They told me that one of theirnjihov residentsstanovnici, an oldstar ladydama in her 90s,
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Rekli su mi da se jednoj od štićenica doma, starijoj gospođi u devedesetima,
01:11
was seeingvidim things,
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priviđaju stvari.
01:13
and they wonderedpitala if she'dBila goneotišao bonkerslud
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Pitali su se da li je pukla.
01:16
or, because she was an oldstar ladydama,
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Ili, zato što je bila starija gospođa,
01:18
whetherda li she'dBila had a strokeudar, or whetherda li she had Alzheimer'sAlzheimerove.
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da li je imala moždani udar ili ima Alzheimerovu bolest.
01:21
And so they askedpitao me if I would come and see RosalieRosalie,
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I pitali su me da li bih došao vidjeti Rosalie,
01:26
the oldstar ladydama.
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stariju gospođu.
01:28
I wentotišao in to see her.
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Otišao sam je vidjeti.
01:30
It was evidentevidentan straightravno away
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Bilo je odmah jasno
01:32
that she was perfectlysavršeno sanezdrav
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da je potpuno razborita
01:35
and lucidlucidan and of good intelligenceinteligencija,
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lucidna i inteligentna.
01:38
but she'dBila been very startledUplašila and very bewilderedzbunjen,
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Ali bila je jako prestrašena, i jako zbunjena
01:42
because she'dBila been seeingvidim things.
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jer su joj se priviđale stvari.
01:45
And she told me --
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Rekla mi je--
01:48
the nursesmedicinske sestre hadn'tnije mentionedspominje this --
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sestre ovo nisu spominjale--
01:50
that she was blindslijep,
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da je slijepa,
01:52
that she had been completelypotpuno blindslijep from macularmakularna degenerationdegeneracija for fivepet yearsgodina.
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da je potpuno slijepa, zbog makularne degeneracije, zadnjih pet godina.
01:57
But now, for the last fewnekoliko daysdana, she'dBila been seeingvidim things.
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Ali sada, zadnjih nekoliko dana, priviđaju joj se stvari.
02:00
So I said, "What sortvrsta of things?"
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Tako sam pitao, "Kakve stvari?"
02:03
And she said, "People in EasternIstočne dresshaljina,
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Rekla je, "Ljude u orijentalnim haljinama,
02:06
in drapeszavjese, walkinghodanje up and down stairsstepenice.
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ogrnute, šetaju se gore i dolje stepenicama.
02:10
A man who turnsokreti towardsza me and smilesosmjesi.
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Čovjeka koji se okreće prema meni i smiješi se.
02:13
But he has hugeogroman teethzubi on one sidestrana of his mouthusta.
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Ali ima ogroman zub na jednoj strani usta.
02:17
AnimalsŽivotinje too.
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Životinje također.
02:19
I see a whitebijela buildingzgrada. It's snowingpada snijeg, a softmekan snowsnijeg.
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Vidim bijelu zgradu. Pada snijeg, mekani snijeg.
02:22
I see this horsekonj with a harnessupregnuti, draggingpovlačenje the snowsnijeg away.
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Vidim tog konja, sa zapregom koja odguruje snijeg.
02:27
Then, one night, the scenescena changespromjene.
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Tada, jedne noći, scena se mijenja.
02:31
I see catsmačke and dogspsi walkinghodanje towardsza me.
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Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni.
02:33
They come to a certainsiguran pointtočka and then stop.
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Dođu do određenog mjesta i tada stanu.
02:36
Then it changespromjene again.
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Tada se opet promijeni.
02:38
I see a lot of childrendjeca. They are walkinghodanje up and down stairsstepenice.
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Vidim mnoštvo djece. Hodaju gore dolje po stepenicama.
02:41
They wearnositi brightsvijetao colorsboje, roseruža and blueplava,
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Nose jarke boje, ružičastu i plavu.
02:44
like EasternIstočne dresshaljina."
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poput orijentalne haljine."
02:47
SometimesPonekad, she said, before the people come on,
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Ponekad, rekla je, prije nego što ljudi dođu
02:50
she maysvibanj hallucinatepriviđenja pinkružičasta and blueplava squarestrgovi on the floorkat,
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može halucinirati ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu,
02:54
whichkoji seemčiniti se to go up to the ceilingstrop.
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koji se doimaju kao da idu prema stropu.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dreamsan?"
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Pitao sam, "Da li je to slično snu?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dreamsan. It's like a moviefilm."
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A ona je rekla, "Ne, nije poput sna, više je slično filmu."
03:04
She said, "It's got colorboja. It's got motionpokret.
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Rekla je, "Ima boju, ima pokret.
03:07
But it's completelypotpuno silentnijem, like a silentnijem moviefilm."
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Ali je potpuno tiho, poput nijemog filma."
03:11
And she said that it's a ratherradije boringdosadan moviefilm.
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I rekla je da je to donekle dosadan film.
03:13
She said, "All these people with EasternIstočne dresshaljina,
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Rekla je, "Svi ovi ljudi u orijentalnim haljinama,
03:16
walkinghodanje up and down, very repetitivekoji se ponavljaju, very limitedograničen."
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hodaju gore dolje, neprestano, veoma ograničeno.
03:21
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
03:23
And she has a senseosjećaj of humorhumor.
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I imala je smisao za humor.
03:25
She knewznao it was a hallucinationhalucinacija.
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Znala je da je to halucinacija.
03:27
But she was frighteneduplašen. She'dOna bi livedživjeli 95 yearsgodina
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Ali bila je preplašena. Ima 95 godina
03:29
and she'dBila never had a hallucinationhalucinacija before.
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i nikada prije nije imala halucinacije.
03:32
She said that the hallucinationshalucinacije were unrelatednepovezan
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Rekla je da halucinacije nisu povezane
03:35
to anything she was thinkingmišljenje or feelingosjećaj or doing,
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ni s čim o čemu misli ili osjeća ili radi.
03:39
that they seemedčinilo se to come on by themselvesse, or disappearnestati.
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Činilo se da se same pojavljuju, ili nestaju.
03:43
She had no controlkontrolirati over them.
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Nije imala kontrolu nad njima.
03:45
She said she didn't recognizeprepoznati
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Rekla je da nije prepoznavala
03:47
any of the people or placesmjesta
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ni ljude ni mjesta
03:49
in the hallucinationshalucinacije.
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u halucinacijama.
03:51
And nonenijedan of the people or the animalsživotinje,
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I nikoga od ljudi ili životinja,
03:53
well, they all seemedčinilo se obliviousnesvjesni of her.
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činilo se da ne može upamtiti.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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I nije znala što se događa.
03:59
She wonderedpitala if she was going madlud
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Pitala se da li ludi,
04:01
or losinggubljenje her mindum.
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da li je poludjela.
04:03
Well, I examinedpregledan her carefullypažljivo.
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Dakle, pažljivo sam je pregledao.
04:05
She was a brightsvijetao oldstar ladydama,
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Bila je bistra starica.
04:07
perfectlysavršeno sanezdrav. She had no medicalmedicinski problemsproblemi.
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Potpuno razborita. Nije imala medicinskih problema.
04:11
She wasn'tnije on any medicationslijekovi whichkoji could produceproizvoditi hallucinationshalucinacije.
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Nije uzimala nikakve lijekove koji mogu stvoriti halucinacije.
04:15
But she was blindslijep.
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Ali bila je slijepa.
04:17
And I then said to her,
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I tada sam joj rekao,
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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"Mislim da znam što imate."
04:21
I said, "There is a specialposeban formoblik of visualvidni hallucinationhalucinacija
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Rekao sam, "Postoji posebna vrsta vidnih halucinacija
04:25
whichkoji maysvibanj go with deterioratingpogoršava visionvizija or blindnessslijepilo.
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koja može ići uz pogoršavanjem vida, ili slijepoću."
04:29
This was originallyizvorno describedopisan," I said,
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"Ovo je prvi opisao," rekao sam,
04:32
"right back in the 18thth centurystoljeće,
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"još u 18.stoljeću,
04:34
by a man calledzvao CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora.
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čovjek koji se zvao Charles Bonnet.
04:37
And you have CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora syndromesindrom.
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I vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta.
04:40
There is nothing wrongpogrešno with your brainmozak. There is nothing wrongpogrešno with your mindum.
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Sve je u redu s vašim mozgom. Sve je u redu s vašim umom.
04:42
You have CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora syndromesindrom."
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Vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
04:45
And she was very relievedlaknulo at this,
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I bilo joj je laknulo,
04:48
that there was nothing seriouslyozbiljno the matterstvar,
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da nije ništa ozbiljno,
04:52
and alsotakođer ratherradije curiousznatiželjan.
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ali je također bila znatiželjna.
04:55
She said, "Who is this CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora?"
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Pitala je, "Tko je taj Charles Bonnet?"
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himselfsam?"
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Pitala je, "Da li je i on sam to imao?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nursesmedicinske sestre
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I rekla je, "Recite svim sestrama
05:03
that I have CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora syndromesindrom."
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da ja imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
05:06
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(smijeh)
05:08
"I'm not crazylud. I'm not dementedlud. I have CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora syndromesindrom."
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"Nisam luda. Nisam dementna. Imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nursesmedicinske sestre.
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Tako sam i rekao sestrama.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a commonzajednička situationsituacija.
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Ovo je za mene uobičajena situacija.
05:17
I work in old-agestarosti homeskuća, largelyu velikoj mjeri.
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Većinom radim u starčkim domovima.
05:19
I see a lot of elderlypostariji people
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Vidim puno starijih ljudi
05:21
who are hearingsluh impairedrasparen or visuallyvizuelno impairedrasparen.
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koji slabo čuju ili slabo vide.
05:25
About 10 percentposto of the hearingsluh impairedrasparen people
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Oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim sluhom
05:27
get musicalmjuzikl hallucinationshalucinacije.
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imaju slušne halucinacije.
05:30
And about 10 percentposto of the visuallyvizuelno impairedrasparen people
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I oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim vidom
05:33
get visualvidni hallucinationshalucinacije.
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imaju vidne halucinacije.
05:35
You don't have to be completelypotpuno blindslijep,
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Ne morate biti potpuno slijepi,
05:37
only sufficientlydovoljno impairedrasparen.
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nego samo dovoljno oštećenog vida.
05:39
Now with the originalizvornik descriptionopis in the 18thth centurystoljeće,
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U originalnom opisu iz 18 stoljeća,
05:43
CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora did not have them.
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Charles Bonnet ih nije imao.
05:45
His grandfatherdeda had these hallucinationshalucinacije.
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Njegova djed je imao ovakve halucinacije.
05:48
His grandfatherdeda was a magistrateSudac, an elderlypostariji man.
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Njegov djed je bio sudac, stariji čovjek.
05:51
He'dOn bi had cataractkatarakt surgerykirurgija.
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Operirao je mrenu.
05:54
His visionvizija was prettyprilično poorsiromašan.
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vid mu je bio vrlo slab.
05:56
And in 1759, he describedopisan to his grandsonunuk
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I 1759.godine je opisao svom unuku
06:01
variousraznovrstan things he was seeingvidim.
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različite stvari koje su mu se priviđale.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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Prvo što je rekao je da je vidio
06:05
a handkerchiefrupčić in midairzraku.
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maramicu u zraku.
06:07
It was a largeveliki blueplava handkerchiefrupčić
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Bila je to velika plava maramica
06:09
with fourčetiri orangenarančasta circleskrugovi.
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sa četiri narančasta kruga.
06:11
And he knewznao it was a hallucinationhalucinacija.
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i znao je da je to bila halucinacija.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefsmaramice in midairzraku.
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Nemate baš maramica u zraku
06:16
And then he saw a bigvelika wheelkotač in midairzraku.
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I vidio je veliki kotač u zraku.
06:20
But sometimesponekad he wasn'tnije sure whetherda li he was hallucinatinghalucinacije or not,
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Ali ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira.
06:25
because the hallucinationshalucinacije would fitodgovara
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Jer su se halucinacije uklapale
06:27
in the contextkontekst of the visionsvizije.
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u kontekst vida.
06:29
So on one occasionprigodom, when his granddaughtersunuke were visitinggostujući them,
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Tako je jednom prilikom, kad mu je unuka bila u posjeti,
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsomezgodan youngmladi menmuškarci with you?"
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pitao, "A tko je ovaj zgodan mladić s tobom?"
06:37
And they said, "AlasJao, GrandpapaDjede, there are no handsomezgodan youngmladi menmuškarci."
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A ona je odgovorila, "Jao, djede, pa nema nikakvog zgodnog mladića."
06:41
And then the handsomezgodan youngmladi menmuškarci disappearednestao.
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I tada je zgodni mladić iščezao.
06:45
It's typicaltipičan of these hallucinationshalucinacije
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To je tipično za ovakve halucinacije
06:48
that they maysvibanj come in a flashbljesak and disappearnestati in a flashbljesak.
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da se mogu munjevito pojaviti i nestati.
06:51
They don't usuallyobično fadeuvenuti in and out.
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Obično se ne pojavljuju i ne nestaju polagano.
06:53
They are ratherradije suddennaglo, and they changepromijeniti suddenlyiznenada.
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One su prilično iznenadne. I mijenjaju se naglo.
06:56
CharlesCharles LullinLullin, the grandfatherdeda,
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Charles Lullin, djeda,
06:59
saw hundredsstotine of differentdrugačiji figuresfigure,
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vidio je na stotine različitih likova,
07:02
differentdrugačiji landscapeskrajolici of all sortsvrste.
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različite krajolike svih vrsta
07:04
On one occasionprigodom, he saw a man in a bathrobekućni ogrtač smokingpušenje a pipecijev,
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Jednom prilikom vidio je čovjeka u kućnom ogrtaču kako puši lulu,
07:08
and realizedshvatio it was himselfsam.
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i shvatio je da je to on sam.
07:11
That was the only figurelik he recognizedpriznat.
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To je bio jedini lik kojeg je prepoznao.
07:14
On one occasionprigodom when he was walkinghodanje in the streetsulice of ParisPariz,
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Jednom prilikom dok je šetao ulicama Pariza,
07:18
he saw -- this was realstvaran -- a scaffoldingskele.
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vidio je--zaista--građevinske skele.
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniaturemini of the scaffoldingskele
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Ali kad se vratio kući vidio je minijaturne skele
07:24
sixšest inchesinča highvisok, on his studystudija tablestol.
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visoke petnaest centimetara na svom radnom stolu.
07:28
This repetitionponavljanje of perceptionpercepcija
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Ovo ponavljanje percepcije
07:31
is sometimesponekad calledzvao palinopsiapalinopsia.
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se ponekad zove palinopsija.
07:33
With him and with RosalieRosalie,
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Kod njega, i kod Rosalie,
07:38
what seemsčini se to be going on --
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se izgleda događalo--
07:40
and RosalieRosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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i Rosalie je pitala, "Što se dešava?"--
07:42
and I said that as you loseizgubiti visionvizija,
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a ja sam joj rekao da kad izgubiš vid,
07:45
as the visualvidni partsdijelovi of the brainmozak are no longerviše gettinguzimajući any inputulazni,
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tada vidni dijelovi mozga više ne dobijaju ulazne informacije,
07:48
they becomepostati hyperactivehiperaktivna and excitablezapaljiv,
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i postaju hiperaktivni i podražljivi.
07:51
and they startpočetak to firevatra spontaneouslyspontano.
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I počinju spontano okidati.
07:53
And you startpočetak to see things.
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I počinje vam se priviđati.
07:56
The things you see can be very complicatedsložen indeeddoista.
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Stvari koje vidite mogu biti zaista komplicirane.
07:59
With anotherjoš patientpacijent of minerudnik,
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Kod jednog mog pacijenta,
08:03
who, alsotakođer had some visionvizija,
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koja je, (poput Charles Lullina) imala neka priviđenja,
08:05
the visionvizija she had could be disturbinguznemirujući.
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priviđenja koja mogu biti uznemirujuća.
08:09
On one occasionprigodom, she said she saw
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Jednom prilikom je rekla da je vidjela
08:12
a man in a stripedprugasta shirtkošulja in a restaurantrestoran.
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čovjeka u prugastoj majici u restoranu.
08:15
And he turnedokrenut around. And then
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I on se okrenuo. Tada
08:17
he dividedpodijeljen into sixšest figuresfigure in stripedprugasta shirtsmajice,
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se podijelio u šest identičnih likova u prugastim majicama,
08:20
who startedpočeo walkinghodanje towardsza her.
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koji su krenuli prema njoj.
08:23
And then the sixšest figuresfigure camedošao togetherzajedno again, like a concertinaspirale.
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I tada su se šest figura opet spojila u jednu.
08:26
OnceJednom, when she was drivingvožnja,
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jednom, dok je vozila,
08:28
or ratherradije, her husbandsuprug was drivingvožnja,
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ili bolje, dok je vozio njen muž,
08:30
the roadcesta dividedpodijeljen into fourčetiri
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cesta se podijelila u četiri ceste.
08:32
and she feltosjećala herselfona sama going simultaneouslyistovremeno up fourčetiri roadsceste.
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I osjetila je kako istovremeno ide preko svih četiri.
08:36
She had very mobilemobilni hallucinationshalucinacije as well.
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Imala je također, vrlo pokretne halucinacije.
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a carautomobil.
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I većina je imala veze s autom.
08:44
SometimesPonekad she would see a teenagetinejdžerski boydječak
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Ponekad bi vidjela adolescentnog dječaka
08:46
sittingsjedenje on the hoodNapa of the carautomobil.
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kako sjedi na poklopcu motora automobila.
08:49
He was very tenaciousuporan and he movedpomaknuto ratherradije gracefullybez poteškoća
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Bio je vrlo uporan i kretao se prilično graciozno
08:51
when the carautomobil turnedokrenut.
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kad je auto skrenuo.
08:53
And then when they camedošao to a stop,
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I kad su se zaustavili,
08:56
the boydječak would do a suddennaglo verticalvertikala takeoffpolijetanje, 100 footnoga in the airzrak,
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dječak je iznenada uzletio, 30 metara u zrak,
08:59
and then disappearnestati.
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i zatim nestao.
09:02
AnotherJoš jedan patientpacijent of minerudnik had a differentdrugačiji sortvrsta of hallucinationhalucinacija.
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Jedan drugi moj pacijent je imao drugačiju vrstu halucinacija.
09:07
This was a womanžena who didn't have troublenevolja with her eyesoči,
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To je bila žena koja nije imala poteškoća s očima,
09:10
but the visualvidni partsdijelovi of her brainmozak,
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nego s vidnim dijelovima mozga.
09:12
a little tumortumor in the occipitalpotiljak cortexkorteks.
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Maleni tumor u zatiljnom dijelu kore mozga.
09:15
And, aboveiznad all, she would see cartoonscrtani filmovi.
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I, iznad svega, ona bi vidjela crtiće.
09:20
These cartoonscrtani filmovi would be transparenttransparentan
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Ovi crtići bi bili prozirni
09:25
and would coverpokriti halfpola the visualvidni fieldpolje, like a screenzaslon.
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i prekrivali bi polovicu vidnog polja, poput ekrana.
09:28
And especiallyposebno she saw cartoonscrtani filmovi of KermitKermit the FrogŽaba.
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i naročito je vidjela crtiće s žapcem Kermitom.
09:34
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(smijeh)
09:35
Now, I don't watch SesameSezam StreetUlica,
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ja ne gledam Ulicu Sezam.
09:38
but she madenapravljen a pointtočka of sayingizreka,
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Ali imala je pravo kad je govorila,
09:41
"Why KermitKermit?" She said, "KermitKermit the FrogŽaba meanssredstva nothing to me.
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"Zašto Kermit?" Pitala je, "Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači.
09:45
You know, I was wonderingpitate about FreudianFrojdovski determinantsdeterminante.
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Znate, razmišljao sam oko Freudovskih odrednica.
09:48
Why KermitKermit?
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Zašto Kermit?
09:50
KermitKermit the FrogŽaba meanssredstva nothing to me."
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Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači."
09:52
She didn't mindum the cartoonscrtani filmovi too much.
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Nije baš marila za crtiće.
09:54
But what did disturbometaju her was she got very persistentuporni
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Ali ono što ju je uznemirilo je to što je imala stalne
09:58
imagesslika or hallucinationshalucinacije of faceslica
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slike ili halucinacije lica
10:01
and as with RosalieRosalie, the faceslica were oftenčesto deformeddeformirani,
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i kao i kod Rosalie, lica su često bila deformirana,
10:04
with very largeveliki teethzubi or very largeveliki eyesoči.
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s veoma velikim zubima, ili veoma velikim očima.
10:08
And these frighteneduplašen her.
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I to ju je plašilo.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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Dakle, što se događalo ovim ljudima?
10:15
As a physicianliječnik, I have to try and definedefinirati what's going on,
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Kao liječnik, morao sam se potruditi i definirati što se događa,
10:18
and to reassureuvjeriti people,
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i uvjeriti ljude.
10:20
especiallyposebno to reassureuvjeriti them that they're not going insanelud.
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Naročito ih uvjeriti da neće poludjeti.
10:24
Something like 10 percentposto, as I said,
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Oko 10 posto, kako sam rekao,
10:27
of visuallyvizuelno impairedrasparen people get these.
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ljudi s oštećenjem vida imaju ovakve halucinacije.
10:30
But no more than one percentposto of the people acknowledgepriznati them,
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Ali ne više od jedan posto ljudi ih priznaje.
10:34
because they are afraiduplašen they will be seenvidio as insanelud or something.
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Jer se boje da će ih smatrati luđacima ili nešto slično.
10:37
And if they do mentionspomenuti them to theirnjihov ownvlastiti doctorsliječnici
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I ako ih spominju svojim liječnicima
10:39
they maysvibanj be misdiagnoseddijagnosticirao.
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mogu biti krivo dijagnosticirani.
10:42
In particularposebno, the notionpojam is that if you see
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Uglavnom, smatra se da ako vidite
10:44
things or hearčuti things, you're going madlud,
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stvari ili čujete stvari, da gubite razum.
10:47
but the psychoticpsihotičan hallucinationshalucinacije are quitedosta differentdrugačiji.
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Ali psihotične halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugo.
10:50
PsychoticPsihopat hallucinationshalucinacije, whetherda li they are visualvidni or vocalvokalne,
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psihotične halucinacije, bilo da su vidne ili slušne,
10:53
they addressadresa you. They accuseoptužiti you.
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obraćaju se vama. Optužuju vas.
10:55
They seducezavesti you. They humiliateponižavati you.
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Zavode vas. Ponižavaju vas.
10:57
They jeerViđam se s njom at you.
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Rugaju vam se.
11:00
You interactinterakcija with them.
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Vi sudjelujete u njima.
11:02
There is nonenijedan of this qualitykvaliteta of beingbiće addressedobratio
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Nijedne od ovih karakteristika nema
11:05
with these CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora hallucinationshalucinacije.
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u halucinacijama Charlesa Bonneta.
11:08
There is a filmfilm. You're seeingvidim a filmfilm whichkoji has nothing to do with you,
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Imate film. Gledate film koji nema veze s vama.
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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Tako ljudi misle o tome.
11:15
There is alsotakođer a rarerijedak thing calledzvao temporalvremenski loberežanj epilepsyepilepsija,
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Također postoji rijetko stanje koje se zove epilepsija sljepoočnog režnja.
11:19
and sometimesponekad, if one has this,
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i ponekad, ako netko to ima,
11:22
one maysvibanj feel oneselfsebe transportedprevozi back
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može se osjećati transportiran natrag
11:24
to a time and placemjesto in the pastprošlost.
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u vremenu i prostoru u prošlost.
11:27
You're at a particularposebno roadcesta junctionspoj.
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Nalazite se na posebnom raskrižju cesta.
11:29
You smellmiris chestnutskestena roastingprženje.
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Mirišete pečene kestene.
11:31
You hearčuti the trafficpromet. All the sensesosjetila are involvedumiješan.
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Čujete prometnu gužvu. Sva osjetila su uključena.
11:34
And you're waitingčekanje for your girldjevojka.
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I vi čekate svoju djevojku.
11:36
And it's that TuesdayUtorak eveningvečer back in 1982.
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I utorak je navečer u 1982.g.
11:40
And the temporalvremenski loberežanj hallucinationshalucinacije
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I halucinacije sljepoočnog režnja
11:42
are all-sensesve-smisao hallucinationshalucinacije,
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su sve multisenzorne halucinacije,
11:44
fullpuni of feelingosjećaj, fullpuni of familiarityupoznatost,
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prepune osjećaja, prepuna poznatog,
11:47
locatednalazi in spaceprostor and time,
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smještena u prostoru i vremenu,
11:49
coherentkoherentan, dramaticdramatičan.
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usklađena, dramatična.
11:51
The CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora onesone are quitedosta differentdrugačiji.
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Halucinacije Charlesa Bonneta su sasvim drugačije.
11:54
So in the CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora hallucinationshalucinacije,
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Tako u halucinacijama Charles Bonneta,
11:58
you have all sortsvrste of levelsrazina,
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imate sve vrste razina,
12:00
from the geometricalgeometrijski hallucinationshalucinacije --
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od geometrijskih halucinacija,
12:02
the pinkružičasta and blueplava squarestrgovi the womanžena had --
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ružičastih i plavih kvadrata koje je gospođa imala,
12:05
up to quitedosta elaboraterazraditi hallucinationshalucinacije
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do posebno razrađenih halucinacija
12:09
with figuresfigure and especiallyposebno faceslica.
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s likovima i posebno licima.
12:12
FacesLica, and sometimesponekad deformeddeformirani faceslica,
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Lica, i ponekad deformirana lica,
12:15
are the singlesingl commonestNajčešći thing
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su najčešće stvari
12:18
in these hallucinationshalucinacije.
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u ovim halucinacijama.
12:20
And one of the seconddrugi commonestNajčešći is cartoonscrtani filmovi.
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A druge najčešće su crtići.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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Pa, što se događa?
12:26
FascinatinglyPrikaz fascinantno, in the last fewnekoliko yearsgodina,
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Fascinatno je, zadnjih nekoliko godina,
12:28
it's been possiblemoguće to do functionalfunkcionalna brainmozak imagerylik,
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je moguće učiniti funkcijske prikaze mozga,
12:32
to do fMRIfMRI on people as they are hallucinatinghalucinacije.
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napraviti funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (fMRI) ljudima koji haluciniraju.
12:36
And in factčinjenica, to find that differentdrugačiji partsdijelovi
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I u stvari, pronaći te različite dijelove
12:40
of the visualvidni brainmozak are activatedaktivirati
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vidnog dijela mozga koji su aktivirani
12:43
as they are hallucinatinghalucinacije.
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dok oni haluciniraju.
12:45
When people have these simplejednostavan geometricalgeometrijski hallucinationshalucinacije,
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Kad ljudi imaju ove jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije,
12:48
the primaryosnovni visualvidni cortexkorteks is activatedaktivirati.
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aktivirana je primarna vidna kora.
12:52
This is the partdio of the brainmozak whichkoji perceivespercipira edgesrubovi and patternsobrasci.
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To je dio mozga koji opaža rubove i uzorke.
12:55
You don't formoblik imagesslika with your primaryosnovni visualvidni cortexkorteks.
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Ne stvarate slike pomoću primarne vidne kore.
12:59
When imagesslika are formedformirana,
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Kada su slike stvorene,
13:02
a higherviši partdio of the visualvidni cortexkorteks
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viši dio vidne kore
13:04
is involvedumiješan in the temporalvremenski loberežanj.
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u sljepoočnom režnju je uključen.
13:06
And in particularposebno, one areapodručje of the temporalvremenski loberežanj
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I posebno, jedno područje sljepoočnog režnja
13:11
is calledzvao the fusiformfuziformne gyrusvijuge.
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koje se zove fuziformna vijuga.
13:13
And it's knownznan that if people have damagešteta in the fusiformfuziformne gyrusvijuge,
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I poznato je da ukoliko ljudi imaju oštećenje u fuziformnoj vijuzi,
13:17
they maybe loseizgubiti the abilitysposobnost to recognizeprepoznati faceslica.
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mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica.
13:21
But if there is an abnormalnenormalan activityaktivnost in the fusiformfuziformne gyrusvijuge,
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Ali ako postoji abnormalna aktivnost u fuziformnoj vijuzi,
13:25
they maysvibanj hallucinatepriviđenja faceslica,
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mogu halucinirati lica.
13:27
and this is exactlytočno what you find in some of these people.
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I to je točno ono što se može pronaći kod ovih ljudi.
13:30
There is an areapodručje in the anteriorprednji partdio of this gyrusvijuge
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U prednjem dijelu ove vijuge nalazi se područje
13:34
where teethzubi and eyesoči are representedzastupljeni,
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gdje su zubi i oči reprezentirani.
13:39
and that partdio of the gyrusvijuge is activatedaktivirati
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I taj dio vijuge je aktiviran
13:42
when people get the deformeddeformirani hallucinationshalucinacije.
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kad ljudi imaju deformirane halucinacije.
13:46
There is anotherjoš partdio of the brainmozak
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Postoji još jedan dio mozga
13:48
whichkoji is especiallyposebno activatedaktivirati
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koji je posebno aktivan
13:50
when one seesvidi cartoonscrtani filmovi.
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kad netko vidi crtiće.
13:52
It's activatedaktivirati when one recognizesprepoznaje cartoonscrtani filmovi,
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On je aktivin kad netko prepoznaje crtiće,
13:55
when one drawscrta cartoonscrtani filmovi, and when one hallucinateshallucinates them.
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kad netko crta crtiće, i kad ih halucinira.
13:59
It's very interestingzanimljiv that that should be specificspecifično.
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Jako je zanimljivo da bi to trebalo biti specifično.
14:02
There are other partsdijelovi of the brainmozak whichkoji are specificallyposebno involvedumiješan
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Postoje i drugi dijelovi mozga koji su posebno uključeni
14:05
with the recognitionpriznanje and hallucinationhalucinacija
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u prepoznavanje i halucinacije
14:07
of buildingsgrađevine and landscapeskrajolici.
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zgrada i pejzaža.
14:10
Around 1970, it was foundpronađeno that there were not only partsdijelovi of the brainmozak,
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Oko 1970.g. je otkriveno da nisu samo uključeni posebni dijelovi mozga,
14:13
but particularposebno cellsStanice.
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već posebne stanice.
14:15
"FaceLice cellsStanice" were discoveredotkriven around 1970.
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"Stanice za lice" su otkrivene oko 1970.g.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundredsstotine of other
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I sada znamo da postoje i stotine drugih
14:22
sortsvrste of cellsStanice,
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vrsta stanica,
14:24
whichkoji can be very, very specificspecifično.
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koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične.
14:26
So you maysvibanj not only have
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Tako da ne samo da imate
14:28
"carautomobil" cellsStanice,
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stanice za "auto"
14:30
you maysvibanj have "AstonAston MartinMartin" cellsStanice.
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možete imati i "Aston Martin" stanice.
14:33
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(smijeh)
14:35
I saw an AstonAston MartinMartin this morningjutro.
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Vidio sam Aston Martin jutros.
14:37
I had to bringdonijeti it in.
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morao sam ga donijeti.
14:39
And now it's in there somewherenegdje.
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i sad je tu negdje.
14:42
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(smijeh)
14:45
Now, at this levelnivo, in what's calledzvao the inferotemporalinferotemporal cortexkorteks,
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Sada, na ovoj razini, u onome što se zove inferotemporalna kora,
14:49
there are only visualvidni imagesslika,
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nalaze se samo vizualne slike,
14:52
or figmentsplodovi or fragmentsfragmenti.
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ili maštanja ili fragmenti.
14:55
It's only at higherviši levelsrazina
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Samo na višim razinama
14:58
that the other sensesosjetila joinpridružiti in
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kad se ostala osjetila priključe
15:00
and there are connectionsveze with memorymemorija and emotionemocija.
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i kad se spoje s pamćenjem i osjećajima.
15:02
And in the CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora syndromesindrom,
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U sindromu Charlesa Bonneta
15:05
you don't go to those higherviši levelsrazina.
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ne idete na ove više razine.
15:07
You're in these levelsrazina of inferiorslabije visualvidni cortexkorteks
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Vi ste na ovim razinama inferiorne vidne kore
15:10
where you have thousandstisuća and tensdeseci of thousandstisuća
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gdje imate tisuće i desetke tisuća
15:12
and millionsmilijuni of imagesslika,
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i milijuna slika,
15:15
or figmentsplodovi, or fragmentaryfragmentarni figmentsplodovi,
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ili maštanja, ili fragmentiranih maštanja,
15:17
all neurallysinkopama encodedkodirani
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sva neuronalno šifrirana,
15:19
in particularposebno cellsStanice or smallmali clustersklasteri of cellsStanice.
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u posebnim stanicama ili malim nakupinama stanica.
15:23
NormallyNormalno these are all partdio of
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Normalno su one dio
15:26
the integratedintegriran streampotok of perceptionpercepcija, or imaginationmašta,
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integriranog snopa percepcije ili maštanja.
15:30
and one is not conscioussvjestan of them.
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I pojedinac ih nije svjestan.
15:33
It is only if one is visuallyvizuelno impairedrasparen or blindslijep
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Samo ako je netko oštećenog vida, ili slijep,
15:37
that the processpostupak is interruptedprekida.
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tad je proces prekinut.
15:39
And insteadumjesto of gettinguzimajući normalnormalan perceptionpercepcija,
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I umjesto normalne percepcije,
15:42
you're gettinguzimajući an anarchicanarhične,
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dobijete anarhičnu,
15:44
convulsivekonvulzivnih stimulationstimulacija, or releasepuštanje,
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konvulzivnu stimulaciju, ili otpuštanje,
15:47
of all of these visualvidni cellsStanice
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ovih vidnih stanica,
15:49
in the inferotemporalinferotemporal cortexkorteks.
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u inferotemporalnoj kori.
15:51
So, suddenlyiznenada you see a facelice. SuddenlyOdjednom you see a carautomobil.
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Tako da iznenada vidite lice. Iznenada vidite auto.
15:54
SuddenlyOdjednom this, and suddenlyiznenada that.
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Iznenada ovo, i iznenada ono.
15:57
The mindum does its bestnajbolje to organizeorganizirati
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Um daje sve od sebe da organizira,
15:59
and to give some sortvrsta of coherencepovezanost to this,
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i daje tome neku vrstu suvislosti.
16:02
but not terriblyužasno successfullyuspješno.
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Ali ne strašno uspješno.
16:04
When these were first describedopisan,
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Kada je ovo bilo prvi put opisano
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpretedtumačiti like dreamssnovi.
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mislilo se da se mogu interpretirati poput snova.
16:10
But in factčinjenica people say,
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Ali u stvari ljudi kažu,
16:12
"I don't recognizeprepoznati the people. I can't formoblik any associationsUdruga."
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"Ne mogu prepoznati ljude. Ne mogu imati asocijacije."
16:15
"KermitKermit meanssredstva nothing to me."
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"Kermit mi ništa ne znači."
16:18
You don't get anywherebilo kuda thinkingmišljenje of them as dreamssnovi.
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Ne misle svi da su to snovi.
16:23
Well, I've more or lessmanje said what I wanted.
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Dakle, rekao sam više, manje što sam želio.
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulaterekapitulirati
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Mislim da želim samo ponoviti
16:31
and say this is commonzajednička.
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i reći da je ovo često.
16:33
Think of the numberbroj of blindslijep people.
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Pomislite koliko ima slijepih ljudi.
16:35
There mustmora be hundredsstotine of thousandstisuća of blindslijep people
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Mora biti na stotine tisuća slijepih ljudi
16:37
who have these hallucinationshalucinacije,
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koji imaju ovakve halucinacije,
16:39
but are too scaredprestrašen to mentionspomenuti them.
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ali koji se boje spominjati ih.
16:41
So this sortvrsta of thing needspotrebe to be broughtdonio into
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Tako da se o ovoj stvari treba obznaniti
16:44
noticeobavijest, for patientspacijenti, for doctorsliječnici, for the publicjavnost.
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i pacijentima, i liječnicima, i javnosti.
16:50
FinallyKonačno, I think they are
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konačno, mislim da su
16:52
infinitelybeskrajno interestingzanimljiv and valuablevrijedan,
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beskrajno zanimljive, i vrijedne,
16:55
for givingdavanje one some insightuvid as to how the brainmozak worksdjela.
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za dati nekome neki uvid kako mozak radi.
16:59
CharlesCharles BonnetPoklopac motora said, 250 yearsgodina agoprije --
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Charles Bonnet je rekao prije 250 godina--
17:02
he wonderedpitala how, thinkingmišljenje these hallucinationshalucinacije,
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pitao se kako, razmišljajući o ovm halucinacijama,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theaterkazalište of the mindum
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kako, kao što je on to nazvao, teatar uma
17:09
could be generatedgeneriran by the machinerystrojevi of the brainmozak.
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može biti stvoren mašinerijom mozga.
17:12
Now, 250 yearsgodina laterkasnije,
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Sada, 250 godina kasnije,
17:15
I think we're beginningpočetak to glimpsesvjetlucanje how this is doneučinio.
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Mislim da počinjemo spoznavati kako to nastaje.
17:18
ThanksHvala very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
17:20
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
17:23
ChrisChris AndersonAnderson: That was superbIzvanredan. Thank you so much.
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Chris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Puno vam hvala.
17:26
You speakgovoriti about these things with so much insightuvid
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Govorite o ovim stvarima s toliko uvida
17:28
and empathysuosjecanje for your patientspacijenti.
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i empatije za svoje pacijente.
17:31
Have you yourselfsami experiencediskusan any of the syndromessindromi you writepisati about?
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Jeste li kad sami imali neke od sindroma o kojima pišete?
17:36
OliverOliver SacksVreće: I was afraiduplašen you'dti bi askpitati that.
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Oliver Sacks: Bojao sam se da ćete to pitati.
17:38
(LaughterSmijeh)
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(Smijeh)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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Da, puno njih.
17:42
And actuallyzapravo I'm a little visuallyvizuelno impairedrasparen myselfsebe.
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i zapravo i sam imam manje oštećenje vida.
17:45
I'm blindslijep in one eyeoko, and not terriblyužasno good in the other.
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Slijep sam na jedno oko, a ni na drugo ne vidim strašno dobro.
17:48
And I see the geometricalgeometrijski hallucinationshalucinacije.
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I ja vidim geometrijske halucinacije.
17:52
But they stop there.
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Ali one stanu tamo.
17:54
CACA: And they don't disturbometaju you?
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C.A.; I ne smetaju vam?
17:56
Because you understandrazumjeti what's doing it, it doesn't make you worriedzabrinut?
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Zato što razumijete što se dešava. To vas ne zabrinjava?
17:58
OSOS: Well they don't disturbometaju me any more than my tinnituszujanje u ušima,
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O.S.: pa, ne smeta mi ništa više nego moje zujanje u ušima.
18:02
whichkoji I ignorezanemariti.
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Koje ignoriram.
18:05
They occasionallypovremeno interestinteres me,
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Ponekad me zainteresiraju.
18:07
and I have manymnogi picturesSlike of them in my notebooksPrijenosna računala.
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I imam puno njihovih slika u notesu.
18:10
I've goneotišao and had an fMRIfMRI myselfsebe,
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I sam sam išao na funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (FMRI)
18:13
to see how my visualvidni cortexkorteks is takinguzimanje over.
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da vidim kako moja vidna kora preuzima.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagonsšesterokute
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i kad vidim sve ove šesterokute
18:20
and complexkompleks things, whichkoji I alsotakođer have,
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i složene stvari, koje također imam,
18:22
in visualvidni migrainemigrena,
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u vidnoj migreni,
18:24
I wonderčudo whetherda li everyonesvatko seesvidi things like this,
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Pitam se da li svi vide stvari poput ovih,
18:26
and whetherda li things like cavešpilja artumjetnost or ornamentalUkrasni artumjetnost
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bilo da su to stvari kao špiljska umjetnost ili ornamentalna umjetnost
18:29
maysvibanj have been derivedizveden from them a bitbit.
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mogu nastati bar malo iz njih.
18:32
CACA: That was an utterlysasvim, utterlysasvim fascinatingfascinantan talk.
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C.A.:Ovo je bio krajnje, krajnje, fascinatno predavanje.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharingdijeljenje.
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hvala vam puno što ste ga podijelili.
18:36
OSOS: Thank you. Thank you.
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O.S.: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.
18:38
(ApplausePljesak)
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(Pljesak)
Translated by Stipe Drmić
Reviewed by Dunja Vucenovic

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.

Why you should listen

Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.

Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as HallucinationsThe Man Who Mistook His Wife for a HatAn Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.

Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>

More profile about the speaker
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com