TED2009
Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds
Oliver Saks (Oliver Sacks): Šta halucinacije govore o našem umu
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Neurolog i autor Oliver Saks nam skreće pažnju na Šarl-Boneov sindrom - kada ljudi oštećenog vida doživljavaju halucinacije. On opisuje takva iskustva svojih pacijenata do dirljivih detalja i uvodi nas u biologiju ovog slabo razjašnjenog fenomena.
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We see with the eyes,
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Gledamo pomoću očiju,
00:15
but we see with the brain as well.
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ali i pomoću mozga.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
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Gledanje pomoću mozga se često naziva imaginacijom.
00:22
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
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Nama su poznati pejzaži naše sopstvene imaginacije,
00:27
our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives.
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naše unutrašnje strukture. Živimo s njima ceo svoj život.
00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well,
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Ali postoje i halucinacije,
00:35
and hallucinations are completely different.
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a one su nešto sasvim drugačije.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
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Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili.
00:40
They don't seem to be under our control.
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Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside,
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Čini se da one dolaze spolja,
00:44
and to mimic perception.
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i da su imitacija našeg opažanja.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations,
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Dakle, govoriću o halucinacijama,
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination
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i o jednoj vrsti vizualne halucinacije
00:55
which I see among my patients.
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koju srećem kod svojih pacijenata.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call
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Pre nekoliko meseci, primio sam telefonski poziv
01:04
from a nursing home where I work.
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iz staračkog doma u kom radim.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
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Rečeno mi je da je jedna od njihovih štićenica, devedesetogodišnja starica,
01:11
was seeing things,
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počela da halucinira,
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
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pa su se pitali da li je poludela
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
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ili je, s obzirom na to da je stara,
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
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imala infarkt ili možda Alchajmera.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
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Pitali su me da dođem i posetim Rozali,
01:26
the old lady.
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staricu.
01:28
I went in to see her.
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Otišao sam da je obiđem.
01:30
It was evident straight away
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Odmah je bilo očigledno
01:32
that she was perfectly sane
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da je bila savršeno zdrava
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
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i razumna i vrlo inteligentna,
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
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ali da je bila unezverena i zbunjena,
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
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jer je imala halucinacije.
01:45
And she told me --
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Rekla mi je -
01:48
the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
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sestre mi ovo nisu bile pomenule -
01:50
that she was blind,
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da je slepa,
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
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da je potpuno slepa već 5 godina jer je patila od makularne degeneracije (bolest mrežnjače).
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
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Ali tada, u tih poslednjih nekoliko dana, počela je da halucinira.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
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Pitao sam je: "Kakve stvari vidite?"
02:03
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
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a ona je rekla: "Ljude u istočnjačkim haljinama,
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
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u zavesama, koji šetaju stepenicama.
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles.
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Čoveka koji se okreće meni i osmehuje se.
02:13
But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
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Ali ima ogromne zube na jednoj strani usta.
02:17
Animals too.
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Vidim i životinje.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
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Vidim belu zgradu. Veje sneg, lagan sneg.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
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Vidim upregnutog konja koji odnosi sneg.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
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Onda, jedne noći, prizor se menja.
02:31
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
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Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
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Stignu do određene tačke i zaustave se.
02:36
Then it changes again.
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Onda se menja opet.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They are walking up and down stairs.
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Vidim mnogo dece. Penju se uz i silaze niz stepenice.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
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Obučeni su u vedre boje, roze i plavu,
02:44
like Eastern dress."
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kao u istočnjačkoj odeći."
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
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Ponekad, reče ona, pre nego što ljudi naiđu,
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
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vidi ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu,
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
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koji izgledaju kao da se penju do plafona.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
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Pitao sam: "Da li je to kao neki san?"
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
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Ona je rekla: "Ne, nije kao san. Već kao film."
03:04
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
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Rekla je: "Prisutne su boje. I pokreti.
03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
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Ali je potpuno nemo, kao nemi film."
03:11
And she said that it's a rather boring movie.
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I rekla je da je to kao neki mnogo dosadan film.
03:13
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
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Rekla je: "Svi ti ljudi nose istočnjačku odoru,
03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
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šetaju gore i dole, neprestano i u ograničenom prostoru."
03:21
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:23
And she has a sense of humor.
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Ima smisla za humor.
03:25
She knew it was a hallucination.
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Znala je da halucinira.
03:27
But she was frightened. She'd lived 95 years
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Ali bila je preplašena. Za svojih 95 godina
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
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nikada nije imala halucinacije.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated
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Rekla je da halucinacije nisu vezane
03:35
to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing,
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ni za šta od onoga što je mislila ili osećala ili radila,
03:39
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
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da, izgleda, dolaze i nestaju same od sebe.
03:43
She had no control over them.
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Nije mogla da ih kontroliše.
03:45
She said she didn't recognize
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Rekla je da nije prepoznala
03:47
any of the people or places
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nijednog čoveka niti ijedno mesto
03:49
in the hallucinations.
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u halucinacijama.
03:51
And none of the people or the animals,
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I nijedan čovek niti životinja,
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
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nisu bili svesni njenog prisustva.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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Nije znala šta se događa.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad
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Pitala se da li ludi
04:01
or losing her mind.
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ili gubi razum.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
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Dakle, osmotrio sam je pažljivo.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
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Bila je vedra starica,
04:07
perfectly sane. She had no medical problems.
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savršeno zdrava. Nije imala zdravstvenih problema.
04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
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Nije uzimala nikakve lekove koji bi mogli da izazovu halucinacije.
04:15
But she was blind.
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Ali bila je slepa
04:17
And I then said to her,
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Onda sam joj rekao:
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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"Mislim da znam šta je u pitanju."
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
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Rekao sam: "Postoji poseban oblik vizualne halucinacije
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
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koja se javlja usled pogoršanja vida ili slepila.
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
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To je prvi put definisao", rekao sam,
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
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"još u 18. veku,
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
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čovek po imenu Šarl Bone.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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A vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom.
04:40
There is nothing wrong with your brain. There is nothing wrong with your mind.
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Sa Vašim mozgom je sve u redu. Sa Vašim umom je sve u redu.
04:42
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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Vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom."
04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
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Tada joj je laknulo,
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
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što nije u pitanju nešto ozbiljno,
04:52
and also rather curious.
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ali je bila i znatiželjna.
04:55
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
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Pitala je: "Ko je taj Šarl Bone?"
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
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"Da li je i on imao halucinacije?"
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses
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Rekla je: "Recite svim sestrama
05:03
that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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da imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom."
05:06
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:08
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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"Nisam luda. Nisam senilna. Imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom."
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nurses.
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I tako sam rekao sestrama.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
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Ovo je, za mene, uobičajena situacija.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
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Dosta radim u staračkim domovima.
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
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Viđam mnogo starih ljudi
05:21
who are hearing impaired or visually impaired.
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čiji je sluh ili vid znatno oštećen.
05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people
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Oko 10% ljudi oštećenog sluha
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
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ima muzičke halucinacije.
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
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A oko 10% ljudi oštećenog vida
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
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ima vizualne halucinacije.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
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Ne morate biti potpuno slepi,
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
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samo prilično slabovidi.
05:39
Now with the original description in the 18th century,
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Prema opisu iz 18. veka,
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
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Šarl Bone nije imao halucinacije.
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
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Imao ih je njegov deda.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
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Njegov deda je bio sudija za prekršaje, star čovek.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
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Imao je operaciju katarakte.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
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Vid mu je bio dosta slab.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
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1759. godine, opisao je svom unuku
06:01
various things he was seeing.
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različite stvari koje je video.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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Prva stvar za koju je rekao da je video
06:05
a handkerchief in midair.
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je bila maramica koja lebdi u vazduhu.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief
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Velika plava maramica
06:09
with four orange circles.
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sa četiri narandžasta kruga.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
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Ali znao je da je to halucinacija.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
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Ne lebde maramice u vazduhu tek tako.
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
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A onda je video ogromni točak koji isto tako lebdi u vazduhu.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
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Ipak, ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira ili ne,
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit
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zato što su se halucinacije uklapale
06:27
in the context of the visions.
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u kontekst vizija.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
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Tako je, jednom prilikom, kad su ga unuke posetile,
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
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rekao: "A ko su ovi zgodni momci sa vama?"
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
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A one su rekle: "Ah, deko, nema nikakvih momaka."
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
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I istog trenutka momci su iščezli.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
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Karakteristično je za ove halucinacije
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
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da se mogu javiti samo na momenat i sledećeg momenta iščeznu.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
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Obično se ne magle i ne blede.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
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Javljaju se iznenada i nestaju iznenada.
06:56
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
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Šarl Lulin, deda,
06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
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video je na stotine različitih likova,
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
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različitih predela svih vrsta.
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
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Jednom prilikom, video je čoveka u bade-mantilu kako puši lulu,
07:08
and realized it was himself.
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i shvatio da je to ustvari bio on, lično.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
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To je bio jedini lik koji je on prepoznao.
07:14
On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
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Jednog dana, dok je šetao ulicama Pariza,
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
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ugledao je - ovo je bilo stvarno - skelu.
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding
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Ali kada se vratio kući, video je minijaturu te skele
07:24
six inches high, on his study table.
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oko 15 centimetara visoku, na svom radnom stolu.
07:28
This repetition of perception
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Ovo perceptivno ponavljanje
07:31
is sometimes called palinopsia.
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se naziva palinopsija.
07:33
With him and with Rosalie,
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Na ono što se dešavalo,
07:38
what seems to be going on --
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sa njim i sa Rozali -
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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a Rozali je rekla: "Šta se dešava?" -
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
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ja sam odgovorio da usled slabljenja vida,
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
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delovi mozga zaduženi za vid ne primaju nikakve signale,
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
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i postaju hiperaktivni i lako nadražljivi,
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
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počinju da se uključuju spontano.
07:53
And you start to see things.
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I tako počinjete da vidite razne stvari.
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
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Stvari koje vidite mogu zaista biti veoma komplikovane.
07:59
With another patient of mine,
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Kod moje druge pacijentkinje,
08:03
who, also had some vision,
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koja je, takođe imala vizije,
08:05
the vision she had could be disturbing.
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one su umele da budu uznemiravajuće.
08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw
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Jednom prilikom, rekla je da je videla
08:12
a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
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čoveka u prugastoj majici u restoranu.
08:15
And he turned around. And then
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Koji se potom okrenuo. I onda
08:17
he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
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se podelio u 6 likova u prugastim majicama,
08:20
who started walking towards her.
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koji su počeli da hodaju prema njoj.
08:23
And then the six figures came together again, like a concertina.
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Zatim se tih 6 likova opet sjedinilo u jednog, kao meh na harmonici.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
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Jednom, dok je vozila,
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
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ili, pre će biti, dok je njen muž vozio,
08:30
the road divided into four
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put se rascepio na 4 dela
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
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a ona je osećala kako se kreće po sva 4 puta istovremeno.
08:36
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
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Imala je dosta pokretnih halucinacija.
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
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Veliki broj njih je bio vezan za automobil.
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy
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Ponekad bi videla tinejdžera
08:46
sitting on the hood of the car.
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koji sedi na haubi auta.
08:49
He was very tenacious and he moved rather gracefully
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Čvrsto se držao i kretao bi se graciozno
08:51
when the car turned.
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kada god bi auto skrenuo.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
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A kada bi se auto zaustavio,
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
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dečak bi iznenada poleteo, tridesetak metara uvis,
08:59
and then disappear.
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a zatim nestao.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
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Sledeća pacijentkinja imala je drugačiji tip halucinacija.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes,
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To je bila žena koja nije imala problema sa vidom,
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
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već sa delovima mozga zaduženim za vid,
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
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mali tumor u potiljačnom korteksu.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
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Ona je viđala crtaće.
09:20
These cartoons would be transparent
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Ti crtaći su bili providni
09:25
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
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i prekrivali su polovinu vidnog polja, kao ekran.
09:28
And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
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Najčešće je viđala crtaće Žapca Kermita.
09:34
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
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Ja ne gledam "Ulicu Sezam",
09:38
but she made a point of saying,
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ali mi je bilo jasno kada je rekla
09:41
"Why Kermit?" She said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.
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"Zašto Kermit? Kermit mi ne znači ništa.
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants.
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Znate, razmišljala sam i Frojdovim determinantama.
09:48
Why Kermit?
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Zašto Kermit?
09:50
Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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Kermit Žabac mi ne znači ništa."
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
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Nisu joj smetali crtaći mnogo.
09:54
But what did disturb her was she got very persistent
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Ono što joj je smetalo je to što su joj se uporno javljale
09:58
images or hallucinations of faces
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slike ili halucinacije lica
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
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a lica su, kao kod Rozali, bila često izdeformisana,
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
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sa krupnim zubima ili ogromnim očima.
10:08
And these frightened her.
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I to ju je plašilo.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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Dakle, šta se dešava sa ovim ljudima?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on,
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Kao lekar, moram da pokušam da objasnim šta se događa,
10:18
and to reassure people,
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i da razuverim ljude,
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
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naročito da ih uverim da ne počinju da lude.
10:24
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
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Nešto oko 10%, kao što sam već rekao,
10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
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slabovidih ljudi susreće se sa halucinacijama.
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
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Ali samo 1% ovih ljudi to priznaje,
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
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jer se plaše da će ih drugi smatrati ludima ili tako nešto.
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors
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A ako ih pomenu svojim doktorima
10:39
they may be misdiagnosed.
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može im biti postavljena pogrešna dijagnoza.
10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see
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Uglavnom, poenta je da ste, ako vidite
10:44
things or hear things, you're going mad,
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ili čujete čudne stvari, prolupali,
10:47
but the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
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ali psihotične halucinacije su dosta drugačije.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
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Psihotične halucinacije Vam se, bilo da su vizualne ili zvučne,
10:53
they address you. They accuse you.
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direktno obraćaju. Osuđuju Vas.
10:55
They seduce you. They humiliate you.
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Zavode Vas. Ponižavaju Vas.
10:57
They jeer at you.
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Rugaju Vam se.
11:00
You interact with them.
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Komunicirate sa njima.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
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Ništa od ovoga nema veze
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
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sa Šarl-Boneovim halucinacijama.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you,
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Gledate film koji nema nikakve veze sa Vama,
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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ili bar tako ljudi misle.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
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Postoji, takođe, nešto što se zove privremena epilepsija slepoočnog režnja,
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
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i ponekad, onaj koga to zadesi,
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back
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može se osetiti kao da je vraćen
11:24
to a time and place in the past.
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u vreme i mesto iz prošlosti.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
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Recimo, nalazite se na nekoj raskrsnici.
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
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Osetite miris pečenog kestenja.
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
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Čujete saobraćaj. Sva čula su uključena.
11:34
And you're waiting for your girl.
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I čekate svoju devojku.
11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
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Ustvari ste se vratili u utorak veče, 1982.
11:40
And the temporal lobe hallucinations
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Jer su privremene halucinacije u slepoočnom režnju
11:42
are all-sense hallucinations,
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svečulne halucinacije,
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
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pune osećanja, pune prisnosti,
11:47
located in space and time,
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locirane u prostoru i vremenu,
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
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koherentne, dramatične.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
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Šarl-Boneove halucinacije su potpuno drugačije.
11:54
So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,
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Kod njih su prisutni,
11:58
you have all sorts of levels,
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različti nivoi halucinacija,
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
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od geometrijskih halucinacija -
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
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sa ružičastim i plavim kvadratima kakve je ona žena imala -
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
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do izuzetno složenih halucinacija
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
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sa razčitim ličnostima i naročito licima.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
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Lica, koja su nekad deformisana,
12:15
are the single commonest thing
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su uobičajena pojava
12:18
in these hallucinations.
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kod ovih halucinacija.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
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Druga česta pojava su crtaći.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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Dakle, šta se dešava?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
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Fascinirajuće je da je u poslednjih nekoliko godina
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
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moguće uspešno izvesti snimanje mozga,
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating.
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uraditi magnetnu rezonancu dok ljudi haluciniraju.
12:36
And in fact, to find that different parts
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Tačnije, moguće je videti koji su vizualni
12:40
of the visual brain are activated
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delovi mozga aktivni
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
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tokom halucinacija.
12:45
When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations,
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Kada ljudi doživljavaju jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije,
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
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primarni vizualni korteks je aktivan.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
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To je deo mozga koji opaža ivice i sheme.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
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Slike se ne formiraju pomoću primarnog vizualnog korteksa.
12:59
When images are formed,
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Kada su slike već formirane,
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex
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viši deo vizualnog korteksa
13:04
is involved in the temporal lobe.
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je povezan sa temporalnim režnjem.
13:06
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
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Jedna oblast temporalnog režnja
13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
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se naziva vretenasta vijuga
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
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A poznato je da ljudi kojima je ta vijuga oštećena
13:17
they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces.
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mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica.
13:21
But if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
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Ali ukoliko postoji abnormalna aktivnost vretenaste vijuge,
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
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ljudi mogu da dožive halucinacije lica
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
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i to je upravo ono što se javlja kod nekih od ovih ljudi.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
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Postoji oblast u prednjem delu ove vijuge
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
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gde su predstavljeni zubi i oči,
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
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i taj deo vijuge postaje aktivan
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
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kada ljudi doživljavaju deformisane halucinacije.
13:46
There is another part of the brain
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Postoji drugi deo mozga
13:48
which is especially activated
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koji se aktivira
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
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kada osoba vidi crtaće.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
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Postaje aktivan u trenutku kada ta osoba prepozna crtać,
13:55
when one draws cartoons, and when one hallucinates them.
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kada ga crta ili kada ima halucinacije o njemu.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
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Veoma je interesantno da je specifično.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
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Neki drugi delovi mozga učestvuju
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination
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u prepoznavanju i halucinacijama
14:07
of buildings and landscapes.
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građevina i pejzaža.
14:10
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
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Oko 1970. godine, otkriveno je da nisu u pitanju delovi mozga,
14:13
but particular cells.
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već određene ćelije.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
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''Facijalne ćelije" su otkrivene oko 1970.
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other
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A sada znamo da postoji još na stotine drugih
14:22
sorts of cells,
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vrsta ćelija,
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
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koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične.
14:26
So you may not only have
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Tako da ne morate imati samo
14:28
"car" cells,
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"automobil" ćelije,
14:30
you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
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možete imati čak "Aston Martin" ćelije.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning.
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Video sam Aston Martin jutros.
14:37
I had to bring it in.
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Morao sam da ga pomenem.
14:39
And now it's in there somewhere.
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I sad je tu negde.
14:42
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:45
Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
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E sad, u ovom stadijumu, u onome što se zove inferotemporalni korteks,
14:49
there are only visual images,
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nalaze se samo vizualni prizori,
14:52
or figments or fragments.
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ili plod mašte ili njeni odlomci.
14:55
It's only at higher levels
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Samo na višim nivoima
14:58
that the other senses join in
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se ostala čula pridružuju
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
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i povezuju sa pamćenjem i emocijama.
15:02
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
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Kada se radi o Šarl-Boneovom sindromu,
15:05
you don't go to those higher levels.
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do tih viših nivoa se ne stiže.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex
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Na ovim nivoima inferiornog vizualnog korteksa
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
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gde imate hiljade i desetine hiljada
15:12
and millions of images,
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i milione slika
15:15
or figments, or fragmentary figments,
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ili segmenata koji su plod mašte,
15:17
all neurally encoded
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šifrovanih
15:19
in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
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u posebnim ćelijama ili malim grupama ćelija.
15:23
Normally these are all part of
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Obično je sve ovo deo
15:26
the integrated stream of perception, or imagination,
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integrisanog toka percepcije ili imaginacije,
15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
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čega osoba nije svesna.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
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Samo u slučaju ako je osoba slabovida ili slepa
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
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taj proces je prekinut.
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
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Pa umesto uobičajene percepcije,
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
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osoba prima zbrkane,
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
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haotične stimulacije ili oslobađanja
15:47
of all of these visual cells
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svih onih vizualnih ćelija
15:49
in the inferotemporal cortex.
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smeštenih u inferotemporalnom korteksu.
15:51
So, suddenly you see a face. Suddenly you see a car.
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Tako da, iznenada, osoba vidi lice. Iznenada vidi auto.
15:54
Suddenly this, and suddenly that.
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Iznenada ovo, iznenada ono.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
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Um čini sve što je u njegovoj moći da to organizuje
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
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i da sve to poveže,
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
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ali ne čini to naročito uspešno.
16:04
When these were first described,
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Kada je ovo bilo prvi put objašnjeno,
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
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smatralo se da može biti tumačeno kao san.
16:10
But in fact people say,
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Međutim, ljudi kažu:
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations."
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"Ne prepoznajem ljude. Ne mogu ništa da povežem."
16:15
"Kermit means nothing to me."
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"Kermit mi ne znači ništa."
16:18
You don't get anywhere thinking of them as dreams.
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Tumačenje halucinacija kao snova, ne vodi nikuda.
16:23
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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Pa, manje-više sam rekao ono što sam želeo.
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate
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Hoću samo da zaokružim
16:31
and say this is common.
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i kažem da je ovo uobičajena pojava.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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Pomislite koliko ima slepih ljudi.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
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Mora da postoje stotine hiljada slepih ljudi
16:37
who have these hallucinations,
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koji doživljavaju ove halucinacije,
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
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ali se plaše da to pomenu.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into
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Zato o ovakvoj stvari treba
16:44
notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public.
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podići svest kod pacijenata, doktora, u javnosti.
16:50
Finally, I think they are
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Na kraju krajeva, mislim da je
16:52
infinitely interesting and valuable,
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izuzetno interesantno i bitno,
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
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pružiti ljudima uvid u to kako mozak funkcioniše.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
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Šarl Bone je rekao, pre 250 godina -
17:02
he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations,
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da se pita kako, pritom misleći na ove halucinacije,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
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kako, kako je on rekao, pozorište uma,
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
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može biti proizvedeno u fabrici zvanoj mozak.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
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Sada, 250 godina kasnije,
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
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mislim da počinjemo da shvatamo kako se ovo dešava.
17:18
Thanks very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
17:20
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
17:23
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
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Kris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Hvala Vam mnogo.
17:26
You speak about these things with so much insight
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Govorite o tim stvarima sa toliko razumevanja
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
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i saosećanja prema svojim pacijentima.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
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Jeste li Vi iskusili neke od ovih sindroma o kojima pišete?
17:36
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
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Oliver Saks: Plašio sam se da ćete me to pitati.
17:38
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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Pa, jesam, dosta njih.
17:42
And actually I'm a little visually impaired myself.
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U stvari, i sam sam slabovid.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly good in the other.
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Slep sam na jedno oko a na drugo ne vidim naročito dobro.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
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I imam geometrijske halucinacije.
17:52
But they stop there.
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Ali to je sve.
17:54
CA: And they don't disturb you?
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KA: I ne uznemiravaju vas?
17:56
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
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S obzirom na to da razumete šta se događa, zar Vas to ne zabrinjava?
17:58
OS: Well they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
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OS: Pa uznemiravaju me koliko i zujanje u ušima.
18:02
which I ignore.
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koje ignorišem.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
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Povremeno me zainteresuju,
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
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pa imam mnogo njihovih slika u svojoj svesci.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
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Išao sam na magnetnu rezonancu,
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is taking over.
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da vidim kako moj vizualni korteks reaguje.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
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I kad vidim sve te šestougaonike
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
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i sve te kompleksne stvari, koje takođe viđam,
18:22
in visual migraine,
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tokom vizualne migrene,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this,
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pitam se da li i svi ostali vide takve stvari,
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
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i da li su se stvari kao što su pećinska umetnost ili ornamentalna umetnost
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
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delom razvile iz halucinacija.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
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KA: Ovo je bio jedan potpuno izvanredan govor.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
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Hvala Vam mnogo što ste to podelili sa nama.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
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OS: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.
18:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologistSince "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.
Why you should listen
Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.
Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as Hallucinations, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, An Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.
Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com