TED2009
Oliver Sacks: What hallucination reveals about our minds
Oliver Sacks: Čo prezrádzajú halucinácie o našej mysli
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Neurológ a spisovateľ Oliver Sacks nám dáva do pozornosti Charles Bonnettov syndróm, ku ktorému dochádza, keď zrakovo postihnutí ľudia majú lucidné halucinácie. Opisuje skúsenosti svojich pacientov až do dojemných detailov a sprevádza nás biologickým pozadím fenoménu o ktorom ľudia nie sú dostatočne informovaní.
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologist
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Since "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
We see with the eyes,
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Vidíme očami,
00:15
but we see with the brain as well.
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ale vidíme tiež mozgom.
00:18
And seeing with the brain is often called imagination.
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Videnie mozgom sa často nazýva obrazotvornosť.
00:22
And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination,
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Dobre poznáme končiny našej vlastnej predstavivosti,
00:27
our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives.
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naše vnútro. Žijeme s nimi celý náš život.
00:31
But there are also hallucinations as well,
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Existujú však aj halucinácie
00:35
and hallucinations are completely different.
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a tie sú úplne iné.
00:38
They don't seem to be of our creation.
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Nevyzerajú byť naším výtvorom.
00:40
They don't seem to be under our control.
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Nezdá sa, že ich máme pod kontrolou.
00:42
They seem to come from the outside,
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Akoby prichádzali zvonku
00:44
and to mimic perception.
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a napodobňovali vnímanie.
00:47
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations,
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Budem teda rozprávať o halucináciách.
00:51
and a particular sort of visual hallucination
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O osobitnom druhu zrakových halucinácií,
00:55
which I see among my patients.
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ktoré pozorujem medzi mojími pacientmi.
01:00
A few months ago, I got a phone call
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Pred pár mesiacmi som mal telefonát
01:04
from a nursing home where I work.
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z opatrovateľského domu, kde pracujem.
01:06
They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s,
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Povedali mi, že jedna z našich pacientiek, stará pani, viac ako 90-ročná,
01:11
was seeing things,
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videla veci.
01:13
and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers
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Pýtali sa, či sa zbláznila
01:16
or, because she was an old lady,
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alebo, keďže šlo o staršiu pani,
01:18
whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
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či dostala mozgovú príhodu alebo či mala Alzheimera.
01:21
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie,
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Spýtali sa ma, či by som mohol prísť a pozrieť sa na Rosalie,
01:26
the old lady.
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tú starú pani.
01:28
I went in to see her.
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Šiel som ju teda pozrieť.
01:30
It was evident straight away
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Bolo okamžite jasné,
01:32
that she was perfectly sane
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že bola perfektne duševne zdravá
01:35
and lucid and of good intelligence,
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a lucidná a vysokej inteligencie.
01:38
but she'd been very startled and very bewildered,
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Bola však veľmi vyľakaná a veľmi zmätená,
01:42
because she'd been seeing things.
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pretože videla veci.
01:45
And she told me --
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Povedala mi,
01:48
the nurses hadn't mentioned this --
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sestričky to predtým vôbec nespomenuli,
01:50
that she was blind,
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že je slepá,
01:52
that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.
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že je úplne slepá už 5 rokov kvoli degenerácii žltej škvrny,
01:57
But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
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ale v posledných dňoch videla veci.
02:00
So I said, "What sort of things?"
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Tak som sa spýtal: „Aké veci?“
02:03
And she said, "People in Eastern dress,
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Odpovedala: „Ľudí v orientálnom odeve,
02:06
in drapes, walking up and down stairs.
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vo voľnom rúchu, ako chodia hore-dolu schodmi.
02:10
A man who turns towards me and smiles.
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Muža, čo sa otočí smerom ku mne a smeje sa,
02:13
But he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth.
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ale na jednej strane úst má obrovské zuby.
02:17
Animals too.
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Tiež zvieratá.
02:19
I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow.
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Vidím bielu budovu. Padá jemný sneh.
02:22
I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away.
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Vidím koňa s postrojom odhŕňať sneh.
02:27
Then, one night, the scene changes.
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Potom sa jednej noci scéna zmení.
02:31
I see cats and dogs walking towards me.
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Vidím mačky a psov, ako idú ku mne.
02:33
They come to a certain point and then stop.
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Prídu do istej vzdialenosti a potom sa zastavia.
02:36
Then it changes again.
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Potom sa to znovu mení.
02:38
I see a lot of children. They are walking up and down stairs.
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Vidím veľa detí. Chodia hore-dolu po schodoch.
02:41
They wear bright colors, rose and blue,
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Majú na sebe oblečenie v jasných farbách, ružovej a modrej,
02:44
like Eastern dress."
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ako má orientálny odev.“
02:47
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on,
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Niekedy, povedala, predtým ako prišli ľudia,
02:50
she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor,
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mávala halucinácie, v ktorých na podlahe videla ružové a modré štvorce,
02:54
which seem to go up to the ceiling.
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ktoré sa ťahali až k stropu.
02:57
I said, "Is this like a dream?"
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Spýtal som sa: „Je to ako sen?“
03:01
And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie."
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Odpovedala: „Nie, nie je to ako sen. Je to ako film.“
03:04
She said, "It's got color. It's got motion.
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Povedala: „Má to farbu, má to pohyb,
03:07
But it's completely silent, like a silent movie."
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ale je to úplne tiché ako v nemom filme.“
03:11
And she said that it's a rather boring movie.
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Potom dodala, že je to pomerne nudný film.
03:13
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress,
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Povedala: „Všetci tí ľudia v orientálnom odeve,
03:16
walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
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chodia hore-dolu, veľmi opakované, veľmi obmedzené.“
03:21
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
03:23
And she has a sense of humor.
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Mala zmysel pre humor.
03:25
She knew it was a hallucination.
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Vedela, že ide o halucinácie,
03:27
But she was frightened. She'd lived 95 years
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ale bola vystrašená. Žila už 95 rokov
03:29
and she'd never had a hallucination before.
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a nikdy predtým halucinácie nemala.
03:32
She said that the hallucinations were unrelated
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Povedala, že halucinácie neboli v nijakej súvislosti s ničím,
03:35
to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing,
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o čom premýšľala, čo cítila alebo robila
03:39
that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear.
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a že sa jej zdali samy od seba prichádzať, ako aj odchádzať.
03:43
She had no control over them.
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Nemala nad nimi nijakú moc.
03:45
She said she didn't recognize
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Povedala, že nespoznáva
03:47
any of the people or places
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ani ľudí, ani miesta
03:49
in the hallucinations.
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v halucináciách.
03:51
And none of the people or the animals,
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Nikto z ľudí či zo zvierat
03:53
well, they all seemed oblivious of her.
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sa akoby na ňu nepamätal.
03:57
And she didn't know what was going on.
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Nevedela, čo sa deje.
03:59
She wondered if she was going mad
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Premýšľala, či sa zbláznila
04:01
or losing her mind.
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alebo či stráca rozum.
04:03
Well, I examined her carefully.
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Nuž som ju pozorne vyšetril.
04:05
She was a bright old lady,
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Bola to bystrá stará pani.
04:07
perfectly sane. She had no medical problems.
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Duševne úplne zdravá. Nemala žiadne zdravotné problémy.
04:11
She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations.
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Nebrala žiadne tabletky, ktoré by mohli spôsobovať halucinácie,
04:15
But she was blind.
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ale bola slepá.
04:17
And I then said to her,
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Tak som jej povedal:
04:19
"I think I know what you have."
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„Myslím, že viem, čo máte.“
04:21
I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination
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Povedal som: „Existuje špecifická forma vizuálnych halucinácií,
04:25
which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness.
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ktoré môžu sprevádzať zhoršovanie zraku alebo slepotu.“
04:29
This was originally described," I said,
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„Prvýkrát to opísal“, povedal som,
04:32
"right back in the 18th century,
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„v 18. storočí muž,
04:34
by a man called Charles Bonnet.
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ktorý sa volal Charles Bonnet.
04:37
And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome.
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Máte Charles Bonnetov syndróm.
04:40
There is nothing wrong with your brain. There is nothing wrong with your mind.
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Vášmu mozgu vôbec nič nie je. Vašej mysli vôbec nič nie je.
04:42
You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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Máte len Charles Bonnetov syndróm.“
04:45
And she was very relieved at this,
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Vtedy sa jej veľmi uľavilo,
04:48
that there was nothing seriously the matter,
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že nešlo o nič vážne,
04:52
and also rather curious.
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skôr niečo zaujímavé.
04:55
She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?"
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Spýtala sa: „Kto bol ten Charles Bonnet?“
04:57
She said, "Did he have them himself?"
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„Mal ich aj on?“
05:00
And she said, "Tell all the nurses
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Potom dodala: „Povedzte všetkým sestričkám,
05:03
that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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že mám Charles Bonnetov syndróm.“
05:06
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
05:08
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
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„Nie som bláznivá. Nie som dementná. Mám Charles Bonnetov syndróm.“
05:12
Well, so I did tell the nurses.
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Takže som to povedal sestričkám.
05:14
Now this, for me, is a common situation.
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Pre mňa je toto bežná situácia.
05:17
I work in old-age homes, largely.
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Pracujem v starobincoch už dlho.
05:19
I see a lot of elderly people
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Vidím veľa starších ľudí,
05:21
who are hearing impaired or visually impaired.
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ktorí sú sluchovo alebo zrakovo postihnutí.
05:25
About 10 percent of the hearing impaired people
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Okolo 10 % sluchovo postihnutých ľudí
05:27
get musical hallucinations.
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má hudobné halucinácie
05:30
And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people
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a okolo 10 % zrakovo postihnutých ľudí
05:33
get visual hallucinations.
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má vizuálne halucinácie.
05:35
You don't have to be completely blind,
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Nemusíte byť úplne slepí,
05:37
only sufficiently impaired.
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len dostatočne postihnutí.
05:39
Now with the original description in the 18th century,
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Podľa originálneho opisu z 18. storočia
05:43
Charles Bonnet did not have them.
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ich Charles Bonnet nemal.
05:45
His grandfather had these hallucinations.
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Tieto halucinácie mal jeho starý otec.
05:48
His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man.
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Jeho starý otec bol sudca, starší muž.
05:51
He'd had cataract surgery.
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Mal operovaný šedý zákal.
05:54
His vision was pretty poor.
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Jeho zrak bol dosť slabý.
05:56
And in 1759, he described to his grandson
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V roku 1759 opísal svojmu vnukovi
06:01
various things he was seeing.
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rôzne veci, ktoré vídaval.
06:03
The first thing he said was he saw
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Povedal, že ako prvú vec videl
06:05
a handkerchief in midair.
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vreckovku vo vzduchu.
06:07
It was a large blue handkerchief
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Bola to veľká modrá vreckovka
06:09
with four orange circles.
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so štyrmi oranžovými kruhmi.
06:11
And he knew it was a hallucination.
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Vedel, že ide o halucináciu.
06:14
You don't have handkerchiefs in midair.
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Nemáte predsa vreckovky, ktoré poletujú vo vzduchu.
06:16
And then he saw a big wheel in midair.
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Potom videl vo vzduchu poletovať veľké koleso.
06:20
But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not,
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Niekedy si však nebol istý, či šlo o halucinácie alebo nie,
06:25
because the hallucinations would fit
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pretože halucinácie úplne zapadali
06:27
in the context of the visions.
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do vizuálneho kontextu.
06:29
So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them,
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Pri jednej príležitosti, keď boli u neho jeho vnučky na návšteve,
06:32
he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
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sa zrazu spýtal:„A kto sú tí mladí pekní muži s vami?“
06:37
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men."
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Ony odpovedali:„Bohužiaľ, starý otec, nie sú tu žiadni.“
06:41
And then the handsome young men disappeared.
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Vtedy mladí pekní muži zmizli.
06:45
It's typical of these hallucinations
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Pre tieto halucinácie je typické,
06:48
that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash.
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že bleskovo prichádzajú a odchádzajú.
06:51
They don't usually fade in and out.
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Zvyčajne sa nevytrácajú ani neobjavujú postupne.
06:53
They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
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Sú skôr náhle a náhle sa aj menia.
06:56
Charles Lullin, the grandfather,
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Charles Lullin, starý otec,
06:59
saw hundreds of different figures,
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videl stovky rozličných postáv,
07:02
different landscapes of all sorts.
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rôzne krajinky všelijakých typov.
07:04
On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe,
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Pri jednej príležitosti videl muža v župane, ako fajčí fajku
07:08
and realized it was himself.
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a zistil, že to bol on sám.
07:11
That was the only figure he recognized.
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Bola to jediná postava, ktorú spoznal.
07:14
On one occasion when he was walking in the streets of Paris,
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Inokedy, ako kráčal ulicami Paríža,
07:18
he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding.
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videl, a bolo to skutočné, lešenie.
07:21
But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding
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Keď sa však vrátil domov, uvidel na svojom stole
07:24
six inches high, on his study table.
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15 cm vysokú miniatúru tohto lešenia.
07:28
This repetition of perception
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Toto opakované vnímanie
07:31
is sometimes called palinopsia.
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sa niekedy nazýva palinopsia.
07:33
With him and with Rosalie,
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Zdalo sa, že sa to deje
07:38
what seems to be going on --
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s ním a s Rosalie
07:40
and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" --
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a Rosalie sa spýtala:„Čo sa deje?“
07:42
and I said that as you lose vision,
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a ja som odpovedal, že ako stráca zrak,
07:45
as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input,
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zrakové centrá v mozgu už viac nedostávajú žiaden vnem,
07:48
they become hyperactive and excitable,
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a tak sa stávajú hyperaktívne a vzrušivé.
07:51
and they start to fire spontaneously.
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Začínajú byť spontánne aktívne
07:53
And you start to see things.
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a zrazu vidíte veci.
07:56
The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
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Veci, ktoré vidíte, môžu byť naozaj komplikované.
07:59
With another patient of mine,
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U inej mojej pacientky,
08:03
who, also had some vision,
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ktorá, podobne ako Charles Lullin, mala isté videnie,
08:05
the vision she had could be disturbing.
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bolo to videnie dosť rušivé.
08:09
On one occasion, she said she saw
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Raz mi povedala, že videla
08:12
a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant.
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v reštaurácii muža v pruhovanom tričku.
08:15
And he turned around. And then
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Ten sa otočil
08:17
he divided into six figures in striped shirts,
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a potom sa rozdelil do šiestich rovnakých postáv v pruhovaných tričkách,
08:20
who started walking towards her.
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ktorí začali kráčať smerom k nej.
08:23
And then the six figures came together again, like a concertina.
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Všetkých 6 postáv sa následne zjednotilo ako harmonika.
08:26
Once, when she was driving,
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Inokedy, keď šoférovala,
08:28
or rather, her husband was driving,
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vlastne jej manžel šoféroval,
08:30
the road divided into four
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sa cesta rozdelila na štyri.
08:32
and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
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Mala pocit, akoby simultánne šla po štyroch cestách naraz.
08:36
She had very mobile hallucinations as well.
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Tiež mala veľmi pohyblivé halucinácie.
08:41
A lot of them had to do with a car.
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Veľa z nich mali niečo do činenia s autom.
08:44
Sometimes she would see a teenage boy
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Niekedy videla mladého chlapca,
08:46
sitting on the hood of the car.
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ako sedí na kapote auta.
08:49
He was very tenacious and he moved rather gracefully
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Húževnato sa držal a ladne sa hýbal,
08:51
when the car turned.
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keď auto zatáčalo.
08:53
And then when they came to a stop,
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Keď prišli na stopku,
08:56
the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air,
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zrazu chlapec vyletel vertikálne 30 m do vzduchu
08:59
and then disappear.
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a zmizol.
09:02
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination.
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Ďalšia moja pacientka mala iný druh halucinácií.
09:07
This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes,
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Bola to žena, ktorá nemala problémy s očami,
09:10
but the visual parts of her brain,
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ale so zrakovou časťou mozgu.
09:12
a little tumor in the occipital cortex.
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Šlo o malý tumor na tylovej časti mozgovej kôry.
09:15
And, above all, she would see cartoons.
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Ona predovšetkým vídavala kreslené postavičky.
09:20
These cartoons would be transparent
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Tieto kreslené postavičky boli priesvitné
09:25
and would cover half the visual field, like a screen.
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a zakrývali polovicu vizuálneho poľa ako obrazovku.
09:28
And especially she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
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Videla hlavne kresleného žabiaka Kermita.
09:34
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
09:35
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street,
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Nesledujem detský program Sezamová ulica,
09:38
but she made a point of saying,
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ale ona upozornila:
09:41
"Why Kermit?" She said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me.
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„Prečo Kermit?“ Povedala: „Žabiak Kermit pre mňa nič neznamená.“
09:45
You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants.
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Viete, rozmýšľal som o Freudových determinantoch.
09:48
Why Kermit?
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Prečo Kermit?
09:50
Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
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„Žabiak Kermit pre mňa nič neznamená.“
09:52
She didn't mind the cartoons too much.
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Až tak jej tie kreslené postavičky nevadili,
09:54
But what did disturb her was she got very persistent
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ale čo ju dosť rušilo, boli neustále obrazy
09:58
images or hallucinations of faces
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alebo halucinácie tvárí.
10:01
and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed,
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Ako aj u Rosalie, tváre boli často deformované,
10:04
with very large teeth or very large eyes.
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s obrovskými zubami alebo veľkými očami
10:08
And these frightened her.
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a tie ju strašili.
10:11
Well, what is going on with these people?
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Čo sa teda dialo týmto ľuďom?
10:15
As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on,
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Ako lekár sa musím pokúsiť definovať, o čo ide
10:18
and to reassure people,
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a upokojiť ľudí.
10:20
especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
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Hlavne ich upokojiť v tom, že nie sú blázni.
10:24
Something like 10 percent, as I said,
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Ako som povedal,
10:27
of visually impaired people get these.
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trpí tým približne 10 % zrakovo postihnutých ľudí,
10:30
But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them,
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ale nie viac ako 1 % ich prizná,
10:34
because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something.
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pretože sa boja, že by sa na nich pozeralo ako na bláznov alebo také niečo.
10:37
And if they do mention them to their own doctors
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Aj keď to spomenú svojim doktorom,
10:39
they may be misdiagnosed.
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môže im byť určená zlá diagnóza.
10:42
In particular, the notion is that if you see
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Hlavne kvôli názoru, že ak vidíte
10:44
things or hear things, you're going mad,
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veci alebo ich počujete, tak ste blázon.
10:47
but the psychotic hallucinations are quite different.
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Psychotické halucinácie sú však celkom odlišné.
10:50
Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal,
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Psychotické halucinácie, či už ide o zrakové alebo zvukové,
10:53
they address you. They accuse you.
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vás oslovujú. Obviňujú vás.
10:55
They seduce you. They humiliate you.
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Lákajú vás. Ponižujú vás.
10:57
They jeer at you.
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Posmievajú sa vám.
11:00
You interact with them.
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Ste s nimi v interakcii.
11:02
There is none of this quality of being addressed
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Takéto vlastnosti
11:05
with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations.
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necharakterizujú Charles Bonnetove halucinácie.
11:08
There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you,
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Je to ako film. Vidíte film, ktorý s vami nič nemá
11:12
or that's how people think about it.
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alebo tak nejako to ľudia vnímajú.
11:15
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy,
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Existuje však zriedkavá vec nazývaná epilepsia spánkového laloku.
11:19
and sometimes, if one has this,
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Niekedy sa ten, kto ju má,
11:22
one may feel oneself transported back
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môže cítiť akoby prenesený dozadu
11:24
to a time and place in the past.
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v čase a mieste.
11:27
You're at a particular road junction.
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Ste na istej križovatke.
11:29
You smell chestnuts roasting.
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Cítite vôňu pečených gaštanov.
11:31
You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved.
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Počujete premávku. Všetky zmysly sú zapojené.
11:34
And you're waiting for your girl.
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Čakáte na svoje dievča.
11:36
And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982.
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Je utorkový večer roku 1982.
11:40
And the temporal lobe hallucinations
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Halucinácie vzniknuté v spánkovom laloku
11:42
are all-sense hallucinations,
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sú halucinácie viacerých zmyslov,
11:44
full of feeling, full of familiarity,
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plné pocitov, plné známych vecí,
11:47
located in space and time,
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spojené s istým miestom a časom,
11:49
coherent, dramatic.
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koherentné, dramatické.
11:51
The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
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Charles Bonnetove halucinácie sú celkom odlišné.
11:54
So in the Charles Bonnet hallucinations,
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V rámci Charles Bonnetových halucinácií
11:58
you have all sorts of levels,
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máte rôzne úrovne,
12:00
from the geometrical hallucinations --
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od geometrických halucinácií,
12:02
the pink and blue squares the woman had --
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ktorými boli tie ružové a modré štvorce, ktoré mala tá pani,
12:05
up to quite elaborate hallucinations
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až po dosť komplikované halucinácie
12:09
with figures and especially faces.
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s postavami a hlavne s tvárami.
12:12
Faces, and sometimes deformed faces,
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Tváre, a často znetvorené tváre,
12:15
are the single commonest thing
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sú tou najčastejšou súčasťou
12:18
in these hallucinations.
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týchto halucinácií.
12:20
And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
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Druhou najčastejšou vecou sú kreslené postavičky.
12:23
So, what is going on?
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O čo teda ide?
12:26
Fascinatingly, in the last few years,
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Je úžasné, že počas posledných pár rokov
12:28
it's been possible to do functional brain imagery,
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bolo možné vytvoriť funkčný obraz mozgu,
12:32
to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating.
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spraviť magnetickú rezonanciu počas halucinácií
12:36
And in fact, to find that different parts
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a zistiť,
12:40
of the visual brain are activated
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že počas nich sú aktivované
12:43
as they are hallucinating.
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rôzne časti zrakového centra mozgu.
12:45
When people have these simple geometrical hallucinations,
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Keď ľudia majú tieto jednoduché geometrické halucinácie,
12:48
the primary visual cortex is activated.
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je aktivovaný vizuálny kortex, teda vizuálna mozgová kôra.
12:52
This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns.
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Je to tá časť mozgu, ktorá je schopná vnímať hrany a vzory.
12:55
You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
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Obrazy nevytvárate primárnym vizuálnym kortexom.
12:59
When images are formed,
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Keď sa tvoria obrazce,
13:02
a higher part of the visual cortex
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je zapojená vyššia časť vizuálneho kortexu
13:04
is involved in the temporal lobe.
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spánkového laloku
13:06
And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe
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a obzvlášť jedna časť spánkového laloku,
13:11
is called the fusiform gyrus.
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ktorá sa nazýva gyrus fusiformis, teda vretenovitý závit.
13:13
And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus,
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Je známe, že keď má niekto poškodený gyrus fusiformis,
13:17
they maybe lose the ability to recognize faces.
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môže stratiť schopnosť rozpoznávať tváre.
13:21
But if there is an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus,
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Pokiaľ však gyrus fusiformis vykazuje abnormálnu aktivitu,
13:25
they may hallucinate faces,
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môžu sa dostaviť halucinácie tvárí.
13:27
and this is exactly what you find in some of these people.
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Je to presne to, čo môžete nájsť u niektorých ľudí.
13:30
There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus
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Na spodnej časti tohto závitu sa nachádza oblasť,
13:34
where teeth and eyes are represented,
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ktorá zastupuje vnímanie očí a zubov.
13:39
and that part of the gyrus is activated
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Táto časť závitu je aktivovaná,
13:42
when people get the deformed hallucinations.
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keď majú ľudia deformované halucinácie.
13:46
There is another part of the brain
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Potom existuje iná časť mozgu,
13:48
which is especially activated
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ktorá je aktivovaná najmä vtedy,
13:50
when one sees cartoons.
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keď človek vidí kreslené postavičky.
13:52
It's activated when one recognizes cartoons,
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Je aktivovaná, keď človek spoznáva kreslené postavičky,
13:55
when one draws cartoons, and when one hallucinates them.
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keď ich kreslí a keď má s nimi halucinácie.
13:59
It's very interesting that that should be specific.
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Je veľmi zaujímavé, že by to malo byť špecifické.
14:02
There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved
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Potom ešte existujú časti mozgu, ktoré sú obzvlášť zapojené
14:05
with the recognition and hallucination
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pri spoznávaní a pri halucináciách
14:07
of buildings and landscapes.
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budov a krajín.
14:10
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
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Okolo roku 1970 sa zistilo, že sa nezapájajú špecifické časti mozgu,
14:13
but particular cells.
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ale špecifické mozgové bunky.
14:15
"Face cells" were discovered around 1970.
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Bunky rozpoznávajúce tvár boli objavené okolo roku 1970
14:20
And now we know that there are hundreds of other
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a teraz vieme, že existujú stovky iných
14:22
sorts of cells,
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druhov buniek,
14:24
which can be very, very specific.
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ktoré môžu byť veľmi osobité.
14:26
So you may not only have
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Tak nielenže môžete mať
14:28
"car" cells,
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bunky rozpoznávajúce autá,
14:30
you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
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ale aj bunky pre autá značky Aston Martin.
14:33
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
14:35
I saw an Aston Martin this morning.
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Dnes ráno som videl jeden Aston Martin.
14:37
I had to bring it in.
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Musel som ho spomenúť
14:39
And now it's in there somewhere.
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a teraz je niekde tam.
14:42
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
14:45
Now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex,
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Na tejto úrovni, v tzv. inferotemporálnom kortexe,
14:49
there are only visual images,
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sú iba vizuálne obrazce,
14:52
or figments or fragments.
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fikcie či fragmenty.
14:55
It's only at higher levels
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Iba na vyšších úrovniach
14:58
that the other senses join in
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sa ostatné vnemy pripoja
15:00
and there are connections with memory and emotion.
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a spájajú sa s pamäťou a emóciami.
15:02
And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome,
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Charles Bonnetov syndróm
15:05
you don't go to those higher levels.
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nezachádza až na takú vysokú úroveň.
15:07
You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex
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Ide o úrovne spodnej časti vizuálneho kortexu,
15:10
where you have thousands and tens of thousands
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kde máte tisíce, desaťtisíce
15:12
and millions of images,
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a milióny obrazov,
15:15
or figments, or fragmentary figments,
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fikcií alebo úlomkov fikcií,
15:17
all neurally encoded
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všetky neurónovo zakódované,
15:19
in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
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v zvláštnych bunkách alebo v malých skupinkách buniek.
15:23
Normally these are all part of
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Zvyčajne je toto všetko časť
15:26
the integrated stream of perception, or imagination,
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uceleného prúdu vnímania či predstavivosti.
15:30
and one is not conscious of them.
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Človek si toho nie je vedomý.
15:33
It is only if one is visually impaired or blind
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Iba ak je zrakovo postihnutý alebo slepý,
15:37
that the process is interrupted.
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teda proces je prerušený
15:39
And instead of getting normal perception,
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a namiesto normálneho vnímania
15:42
you're getting an anarchic,
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dostávame anarchické
15:44
convulsive stimulation, or release,
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a trhavé stimuly či uvoľnený prúd
15:47
of all of these visual cells
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všetkých týchto zrakových buniek
15:49
in the inferotemporal cortex.
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v inferotemporálnom kortexe.
15:51
So, suddenly you see a face. Suddenly you see a car.
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Takže zrazu vidíte tvár. Zrazu vidíte auto.
15:54
Suddenly this, and suddenly that.
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Zrazu to či ono.
15:57
The mind does its best to organize
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Mozog sa snaží zorganizovať
15:59
and to give some sort of coherence to this,
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a dosiahnuť v tom istý druh spojitosti,
16:02
but not terribly successfully.
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ale nie veľmi úspešne.
16:04
When these were first described,
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Keď boli tieto halucinácie po prvý raz opísané,
16:06
it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams.
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myslelo sa, že sa môžu vysvetliť ako sny,
16:10
But in fact people say,
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ale v skutočnosti ľudia hovoria:
16:12
"I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations."
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„Nespoznávam ľudí. Nedokážem nájsť žiadne súvislosti.“
16:15
"Kermit means nothing to me."
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„Kermit pre mňa nič neznamená.“
16:18
You don't get anywhere thinking of them as dreams.
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Nikam sa nedostanete, pokiaľ budete o nich uvažovať ako o snoch.
16:23
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted.
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Povedal som teda viac-menej to, čo som chcel.
16:28
I think I just want to recapitulate
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Myslím, že by som to chcel už len zrekapitulovať
16:31
and say this is common.
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a povedať, že je to bežné.
16:33
Think of the number of blind people.
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Zamyslite sa nad počtom slepých ľudí.
16:35
There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people
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Musia existovať státisíce slepých ľudí,
16:37
who have these hallucinations,
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ktorí trpia týmito halucináciami,
16:39
but are too scared to mention them.
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ale sú príliš vystrašení o tom niečo povedať.
16:41
So this sort of thing needs to be brought into
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Tieto veci sa musia dostať medzi
16:44
notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public.
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informácie pre pacientov, doktorov a širokú verejnosť.
16:50
Finally, I think they are
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Nakoniec si myslím,
16:52
infinitely interesting and valuable,
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že je nesmierne zaujímavé a hodnotné
16:55
for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
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ozrejmiť ľuďom, ako funguje mozog.
16:59
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago --
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Pred 250 rokmi Charles Bonnet povedal,
17:02
he wondered how, thinking these hallucinations,
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že je unesený, aké, mal na mysli tie halucinácie,
17:06
how, as he put it, the theater of the mind
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ako vyhlásil, aké divadlo
17:09
could be generated by the machinery of the brain.
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je mašinéria mozgu schopná vyprodukovať.
17:12
Now, 250 years later,
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Teraz, o 250 rokov neskôr,
17:15
I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done.
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si myslím, že začíname chápať, ako sa to všetko deje.
17:18
Thanks very much.
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Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
17:20
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
17:23
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much.
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Chris Anderson: Bolo to úžasné. Veľmi pekne ďakujem.
17:26
You speak about these things with so much insight
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Rozprávate o týchto veciach do takej hĺbky
17:28
and empathy for your patients.
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a s takou empatiou voči vaším pacientom.
17:31
Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
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Už ste niekedy zažili nejaký syndróm, o ktorom ste písali?
17:36
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you'd ask that.
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Oliver Sacks: Obával som sa, že sa ma na to opýtate.
17:38
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
17:39
Well, yeah, a lot of them.
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No, áno, mnoho z nich.
17:42
And actually I'm a little visually impaired myself.
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Teraz som trochu zrakovo postihnutý.
17:45
I'm blind in one eye, and not terribly good in the other.
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Na jedno oko som slepý a druhému sa tiež dobre nedarí.
17:48
And I see the geometrical hallucinations.
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Mávam geometrické halucinácie,
17:52
But they stop there.
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ale tam to končí.
17:54
CA: And they don't disturb you?
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C.A.: A nerušia Vás?
17:56
Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
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Keďže rozumiete tomu, čo ich spôsobuje, neznepokojuje Vás to?
17:58
OS: Well they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus,
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O.S.: Nuž, nerušia ma o nič viac ako môj tinitus, teda hučanie v uchu.
18:02
which I ignore.
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Ten však ignorujem.
18:05
They occasionally interest me,
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Občas ma zaujímajú.
18:07
and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks.
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Mám mnoho ich obrázkov vo svojom notebooku.
18:10
I've gone and had an fMRI myself,
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Šiel som a dal som si spraviť magnetickú rezonanciu,
18:13
to see how my visual cortex is taking over.
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aby som videl, ako je na tom kôra zrakového centra.
18:16
And when I see all these hexagons
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Keď vidím všetky tie šesťuholníky
18:20
and complex things, which I also have,
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a komplikované veci, ktoré tiež mávam
18:22
in visual migraine,
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počas zrakovej migrény,
18:24
I wonder whether everyone sees things like this,
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spytujem sa, či každý vidí tie isté veci
18:26
and whether things like cave art or ornamental art
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a či sa veci ako jaskynné umenie či ornamentálne umenie
18:29
may have been derived from them a bit.
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mohli z nich čiastočne vyvinúť.
18:32
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk.
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C.A.: Toto bola úplne fascinujúca prednáška.
18:34
Thank you so much for sharing.
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Ďakujem vám za vašu ochotu sa s nami o ňu podeliť.
18:36
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
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O.S.: Ďakujem. Ďakujem.
18:38
(Applause)
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(potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Oliver Sacks - Neurological anthropologistSince "Awakenings" stormed the bestseller lists (and the silver screen), Oliver Sacks has become an unlikely household name, single-handedly inventing the genre of neurological anthropology.
Why you should listen
Oliver Sacks was a ground-breaking neurologist -- and a gifted storyteller who enriched our knowledge of the infinite variations of human psychology. After his pioneering work with “sleepy sickness” patients (who were in fact survivors of an early-20th-century pandemic), Sacks went on to study the connections between music and the brain, as well as disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, and many other little-understood disorders that often count Sacks as one of their first chroniclers.
Sacks was well known as a writer of such best-selling case histories as Hallucinations, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, An Anthropologist on Mars, and his memoir of his early work, Awakenings, all of which have breathed new life into the dusty 19th-century tradition of the clinical anecdote. Sacks' writing, compassion and wide-ranging knowledge catapults the genre into the 21st century and brings the far frontiers of neurological experience into the view of millions of readers worldwide. Sacks died at age 82 in August 2015.
Read TED's long, wonderful Q&A with Oliver Sacks >>
Oliver Sacks | Speaker | TED.com